Hypertensive Emergencies - Calgary Emergency Medicine
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Transcript Hypertensive Emergencies - Calgary Emergency Medicine
Hypertensive
Emergencies
Alyssa Morris, R3
March 5, 2009
Thanks to Dr Gant!
Definitions
Hypertensive Emergency
• Acute, life threatening, usually a BP> 180/120
• Target organ damage
Hypertensive Urgency
• Asymptomatic, severe HTN, usually >180/120
• NO target organ damage
Hypertensive Emergencies
Neurological
• Hypertensive
Encephalopathy
• CVA
• SAH
• ICH
Cardiovascular
• MI/ischemia
• Acute LV dysfxn
• Ao dissection
Pulmonary
• Acute edema
Other
• Acute renal
failure/insufficiency
• Retinopathy
• Eclampsia
• MAHA
Components of BP
BP= CO x SVR
CO= HR x SV
Think of the components as:
• CO= heart
• BP= arteries
• SVR= arterioles
CPP=MAP-ICP
CASE 1
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Uncommon syndrome
Acute and reversible
Results from an abrupt, sustained rise of BP that
exceeds the limits of cerebral autoregulation of
the small resistance arteries in the brain
Arises from “breakthrough” hyperperfusion and
leakage of fluid thru BBB
Clinical Presentation
Severe h/a
Drowsiness
ALOC
Vomitting
Seizures
Focal neuro deficits
Blindness
Tx
Various recommendations
25% over 3-4hrs
10% in first hour, 15% in next 2-3 hours
*will not be able to perfuse brain if you drop it too fast or too
much
CPP=MAP-ICP
Drug Options
VASODILATORS
CALCIUM CHANNEL
• Nitroprusside
BLOCKERS
• Nitroglycerin
• Enalaprilat/enalipril
• Fenoldopam
ALPHA BLOCKERS
• Hydralazine
• Phentolamine
BETA BLOCKERS
• Labetalol
• Esmolol
• Clonidine
Nitroprusside
Potent smooth muscle relaxing agent
Reduces both preload and afterload
Rate of onset rapid, duration very short
Also a cerebral vasodilator
Can increase ICP secondary to increased cerebral blood flow
Unstable in UV light, therefore wrapped in tinfoil
Infusion at 0.25-0.5ug/kg/min -then increase by
0.5mcg/kg/min
Max of 10 mcg/kg/min
Nitroglycerine
1) Activates guanylate cyclase
2) Accumulation of cGMP
3) Sequestration of Ca into SR
4) Relaxation of Vascular smooth muscle
Dose dependent
Low dose: venodilator (preload)
High dose: veno and arteriodilator (afterload)
Therefore, usually reduce BP by reducing preload and CO
Start with 10-20ug/min infusion
Titrate up 5-10ug/minQ3-5min
Hydralazine
Direct arteriolar vasodilator
Used to be used as first line in pregnancy htv emergencies
Starting dose is 5mg IV
Repeat doses of 5-10mg IV every 20 mins to maintain
desired BP
Complications:
• Marked hypotension
• Reflex tachycardia (can give angina)
• Flushing and nausea
• H/a
Labetalol
Selective α-1 blocker and nonselective β-blocker
α:β blockade ratio between 1:3 and 1:7
Not a significant drop in CO like other βB
Does not affect cerebral blood flow or renal fxn
BP starts to fall in 5-10m, max effect at 30m
How much do you guys give?
Esmolol
Selective β-1 blocker
Very short acting
Elimination ½ life of 9 minutes
No intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
Phentolamine
α-blocking agent
Used for the Mx of catecholamine-induced HTV
crisis
MAOI, Pheo, Cocaine
Immediate effect
Effect lasts up to 15 mins
1-5mg IV boluses
CASE 2
PRES
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Pathophysiology
Cerebral vasospasm leading to cytotoxic edema
2. Vasodilattion leading to vasogenic edema
1.
CASE 3
HTN Mx in Ischemic Stroke
Stroke. 2007;38:1655-1711.
HTN Mx in Ischemic Stroke
HTN common in 1st hours after stroke
• SBP>160 found in 60% pts with acute ischemic
stroke
For every 10mmHg raise >180, risk of neurologic
deterioration increases by 40% and risk of poor
outcome by 23%
HTN Mx in Ischemic Stroke
Theoretical reasons for lowering BP in stroke
• Decrease formation of brain edema
• Lessening risk of hemorrhagic transformation
of infarction
• Preventing further vascular damage
• Forestalling early recurrent stroke
BUT remember aggressive tx of BP may lead to
neurologic worsening by decreasing perfusion
pressure to ischemic areas of brain
CPP=MAP-ICP
CASE 4
HTN Mx in Ischemic Stroke
A lot of studies showing harm with reduction of BP
Most pts have a decrease in BP a few hours post-
stroke w/o intervention
Oliveira-Filho et al. Neurology. 2003;61:1047-1051
• Found >90% pts had a decrease in SBP by 28% in
24hrs post-stroke with no intervention
Consensus Statement
“ emergency administration of antihypertensive
agents should be withheld unless DBP>120 and
SBP>220”
“reasonable goal to decrease blood pressure by
15-25% within 24 hours”
This is a case-by-case decision
More research needs to be done
Case 4
Stroke, 2007;38:2001-2023
HTN Mx in Hemorrhagic Stroke
Primary rational for reducing BP is to avoid hemorrhagic
expansion from potential sites of bleeding
BP is correlated with increased ICP and volume of
hemorrhage
Difficult to determine whether increased BP is a cause of
hemorrhage growth or an effect of increased volumes of
ICH and increased ICP
HTN Mx in Hemorrhagic Stroke
Summary of studies
Isolated SBP<210 is not clearly related to hemorrhagic
expansion or neurologic worsening
Decrease in MAP by 15% does not result in decreased
CBF
Baseline BP was not associated with growth of ICH in
largest prospective study
Hemorrhage enlargement occurs more frequently in pts
with increased SBP but it is not clear if this is an effect
of increased growth of ICH with associated increase in
ICP or a contributing cause to the growth of ICH
Evidence supports maintaining CPP >60mmHg
HTN Bleeds
Where do you get HTN bleeds in the brain?
1) Cerebellum
2) Pons
3) Basal ganglia
4) Thalamus
Case 4
HTN Mx in Ao Dissection
Remember to check BP in legs if you are thinking
dissection b/c the flap can give you falsely low BP in
arms
Want to avoid shear stress and wide pulse pressures
Reduce the LV ejection force
Goal is to get SBP 90-110 but just do what you can
Use labetalol or esmolol
Can use nipride after have sufficiently BB b/c will blunt
the reflex tachycardia and increased SV
Case 6
Drug Summary
Nitroprusside
• 0.25-0.5ug/kg/min
• Inc by 0.5ug/kg/min quickly
Nitro
• 10-20ug/min
• Inc by 5-10ug/min Q3-10min
Labetalol
• 10-20mg IV Q5-10min
• Infusion at 1-2mg/min