Transcript Criminal law 1.

CRIMINAL LAW 1.
Ahmed T. Ghandour.
CRIME TODAY.
WHAT IS A COMPARATIVE
CRIMINOLOGY ?
 Comparative
criminology is the cross-cultural or crossnational study of crime and crime control, applying the
comparative method in the science of criminology.
 Today,
in the "global village," circumstances have
changed, and comparative criminologists have become
a necessity. While many aspects of the global village are
beneficial, others have brought great problems.

Along with economic commerce and trade, crime has
also become international in scope. It is little wonder
then that criminologists must look across borders to study
crime and crime-control efforts, and to search for
internationally acceptable solutions to common
problems.
A DEFINITION.
 Before
the 1970s, there was little literature on
comparative research in criminology. Since then,
however, it has been growing rapidly, largely because
of:

(1) a realisation that more can be learned about crime if
theories are tested under diverse cultural conditions and,

(2) renewed interest in trying to discover what we can
learn from the experience of other nations. Comparative
criminology has both theoretical and practical goals.
 Transnational
criminality has led to a greater emphasis
on international law and the establishment of a
permanent international criminal court. In May 2002, a
long-standing dream of establishing such a body
became a reality, after more than 60 nations agreed to a
Permanent International Court.
 First
when looking at crime as social behavior,
criminologists develop and test theories
about crime’s etiology ( ‫علم أسباب اآلمراض‬
) that is, its causes, origins, and distribution.
 Traditionally,
those theories have been used
to understand domestic crime in a particular
country.

When theories about crime are developed
and tested in or across two or more
countries, criminology is more accurately
called comparative criminology.
HOW DO WE USE A
COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY.
 When
comparative criminologists study crime as
a social phenomenon, they try to identify
commonalities and differences in crime patterns
among divergent cultures.
 So
the result of all of this is that crime statistics
probably tell us as much
about a country’s justice
organisation as about its crime rate.
WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM
COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY.
TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES.
DEFINITION.
 Transnational
crimes are crimes that have actual or
potential effect across national borders and crimes that
are intra-state but insult fundamental values of the
international community.

The term is commonly used in the law enforcement and
academic communities.

Transnational organised crime (TOC) refers specifically
to transnational crime carried out by crime
organisations.
 The
word transnational describes crimes that are not
only international (that is, crimes that cross borders
between countries), but crimes that by their nature
involve cross-border transmission as an essential part of
the criminal activity.

Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place
in one country, but their consequences significantly affect
another country and transit countries may also be
involved. Examples of transnational crimes include:
human trafficking, people smuggling,
smuggling/trafficking of goods (such as arms trafficking
and drug trafficking and illegal animal and plant products
and other goods prohibited on environmental grounds
(e.g. banned ozone depleting substances), sex slavery,
terrorism offences, torture and apartheid.
 Transnational
crimes may also be crimes of customary
international law or international crimes when committed
in certain circumstances. For example, they may in
certain situations constitute crimes against humanity.
TYPES OF CRIMES.
TYPES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES.
 Drug
trafficking refers to illegal drugs being sold and
distributed. This happens in all the countries. The main
concern with transnational drug trafficking is illegal drugs
being transported in from other countries and sold.

Not only do these illegal drugs cause crime in the States,
the sale of them also draws large amounts of money into
other countries. Because illegal drugs, such as marijuana,
methamphetamines and cocaine, are in demand in the
United States, trafficking in drugs is a very common and
profitable transnational crime. This causes drug trafficking
to be extremely hard to combat and stop. With drug
trafficking comes other types of crime, such as money
laundering, illegal procession of arms or even murder.
DRUG TRAFFICKING.

Money laundering refers to the process of criminals hiding the
illegal origins of their money. Money laundering occurs all over
the world. Criminals who get their money from illegal actions,
such as prostitution, smuggling or computer fraud typically
launder their money in order not to attract the attention of
authorities.

By not attracting attention from authorities, criminals are able to
fly under the radar and continue their criminal activities, making
even more money without getting in trouble. Money laundering is
done in three main ways: hiding the source of the money -- such
as disguising a prostitution ring as a massage salon, changing the
form -- such as changing cash into a money order, or moving the
funds -- such as taking money from one large bank account and
putting it in several smaller accounts under different names.
MONEY LAUNDERING.
 Arms
trafficking refers to the smuggling of guns,
ammunition and other weapons. When weapons are
smuggled into a country and sold illegally, buyers don't
have to have any type of license or waiting period in order
to buy one. This makes it easier for criminals who can't
purchase a weapon legally to obtain one. Smuggled
weapons typically end up in the hands of criminals or
people with criminal intentions. This causes more crime to
occur that could potentially be reduced if illegal arms
trafficking is reduced or eliminated. Stopping arms
trafficking is difficult because weapons have military, law
enforcement and sport uses. This makes it harder to
determine if a weapon is in the country and possessed
legally.
ARMS TRAFFICKING.
 Human
trafficking is a crime against humanity. It
involves the sale, transportation, receipt and harboring
of human beings through the use of force, threats or
coercion with the intent to exploit the individuals.
Human trafficking often includes payment or money
transfer from a trafficker to a person in control of the
victim. Common reasons that humans are trafficked
include for prostitution, sexual abuse or forced slavery.
Human trafficking happens across state lines as well
as across international borders.
HUMAN TRAFFICKING.
 Any
law violation in which a computer is the
target or means of criminal activity.
 One
of the fastest growing crimes in many
countries.
 Hacking
 Identity
unauthorized computer imposition.
theft stealing of someone else’s
identification to obtain credit
COMPUTER CRIME.