Transcript Welcome Back

AGENDA
Finish doing drugs
Cyber-stuff
Drug Legalization?
• Pro?
• Reduce crime by eliminating “drug-defined crimes”
• Reduce Prison Costs
• Reduce violence generated by black market
• Reduce police corruption (?)
• Con?
• Increased drug use and social costs
• Moral costs
• Practical Problems with Legalization
• Which drugs? Who sells? Minors?
Drug Treatment
• As with criminal rehabilitation programs, cognitive
behavioral programs have a track record of success
• Cognitive = skill and restructuring
• The effect of Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics
Anonymous is largely unknown
• Very resistant to academic research
Drug Courts
• Started in 1989 in Dade County Florida as a reaction to
crowded jails/court dockets
• Spread like wildfire thereafter
• Key ingredients
• Team approach
• Judicial involvement in supervision (court reviews)
• Strong treatment component
• Quick processing
Drug Court II
• Most research has been favorable
• Reductions in drug use and other criminal activity
• South St. Louis County (Duluth) MN drug court
• Reviewed by one of the best bow hunting criminologists in the
country
• Significant reductions in felony offending vs. a comparison group of
people arrested for drug felonies prior to the existence of drug court
Theories of Drug Use?
• Most theories of crime can also explain drug use
• social learning, social control, strain,
developmental…
UMD: Percent Reporting Nonmedical Drug
Use, by Type of Drug, Past 12 Months
49.5%
Marijuana
35.1%
Any prescription drug
24.2%
Prescription
stimulant
16.1%
Prescription pain
med.
10.4%
Other illicit drug
(besides pot)
6.2%
Prescription sedative
5.9%
Prescription sleeping
med.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Predicting Use
D.V.: Stimulant Use, Past 12 Months
b
Variable
SE
Odds
Ratio
Low self-control
Deviant peers
Moral beliefs
Typical offending
School attachment
Grade point average
Involvement in co-curricular
activities
Importance of academic work
Racial and/or ethnic minority
Male
21 years or older
Binge drinking: 1-2 times ††
Binge drinking: 3-5 times††
Binge drinking: 6+ times††
.044*
.032
-.069*
.001
.003
-.584*
.081
†
.018
.026
.028
.040
.036
.241
.071
1.045
1.032
.933
1.001
1.003
.558
1.085
.375
.204
1.455
-.485
.389
.616
-.134
.243
.874
-.120
.233
.886
1.326**
.405
3.767
1.609***
.405
4.999
1.881***
.456
6.560
-2.338
1.965
.097
Constant
***p < .001; **p < .01; *p < .05; †p < .10; †† Reference category for this variable is “none”
Regression Results
Dependent Variable
Prescription
Stimulants
b
(SE)
[Odds Ratio]
Marijuana
b
(SE)
[Odds Ratio]
Other
Prescription
Drugs
b
(SE)
[Odds Ratio]
Low self-control
.044**
(.018)
[1.045]
.043***
(.016)
[1.044]
.056***
(.019)
[1.058]
Moral beliefs
-.069**
(.028)
[.933]
-.089***
(.027)
[.915]
Independent
Variable
Other Illicit
Drugs
b
(SE)
[Odds Ratio]
-.105***
(.036)
[.901]
.049*
(.028)
[1.051]
Deviant Peers
Grade point
average
-.584**
(.241)
.558]
Importance of
academic work
.375*
(.204)
[1.455]
-.471**
(.222)
.[625]
***p
< .01; **p < .05; *p < .10
Cyber-Crime
• Crime that occurs over the internet using a computer
• Cyber markets
• Fraud
• Hacking
• Sexual predators + police response
• Development of criminal communities
Cyber-Markets I
• Piracy
• Software, Music, Movies, Television
Broadcasts, Books…
• Requires minimal skill, but does entail some risks (viruses,
lawsuits, etc.)
• Estimates vary, but roughly 1/3 of Americans report pirating
• Higher estimates among youth, especially COLLEGE KIDS!
• UMD STUDENTS = 62% pirated in past year, 20% did so
“frequently”
• File Sharing: Napster  Bit Torrents  Latest?
• Music and video piracy appears to be declining.
Why?
Cyber Markets II
• Beyond pirating
• Use of legitimate internet sites (eBay, Craig's list) to engage in
crime
• Fraud, Sell Stolen Goods Violent Crime, Illicit Sex/Drug Markets
• Use of illegitimate sites to engage in crime
• “Silk Road,” Bit Coins, and so forth
Cyber pornography market
• Defining “pornography” has always been
problematic
• Especially problematic in the internet age
• Other major issues
• Access by Minors
• Unwanted solicitation
• Child pornography
• Federal legislation has had limited success…
• Communications Decency act of 1996
• Child Online Protection Act (COPA) of 1998
• Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) of 2000
Cyber Fraud
• Traditional Fraud Scams
• A friend from Nigeria wished to transfer a million dollars into your
account
• Phishing and Pharming scams
• Your Ebay account has been compromised!
• Hacking
• Major concern with many of these techniques is identity
theft
• Use your information to take out loans, get credit cards, etc.
Identity Theft
• The unlawful use of another person’s
identifying information
• Use of name, DOB, social security number,
credit card number…to commit fraud or other
crimes
• Examples?
• Internet and information age has made this
much easier
Combating Identity Theft
• State Legislation
• “Freeze laws” – stops access to credit reports
• Laws to redact fraudulent transactions from credit reports
• Disclosure laws—if your info has been compromised
• New emphasis on information privacy
• Risk minimization
• Guard SS# and other private info, look at credit reports,
shred sensitive paper, don’t open suspicious email…
Cybercrime Communities
• Anonymity of cyberspace
• Deviant Subcultures have anonymous/safe
arena to share information and engage in crime
• Child Pornography
• Drug Distribution
Police use of Internet
• Stings/Proactive Policing for Sexual Predators
• How often do youngsters get propositioned?
• How savvy are youngsters?
• Ethical/Legal Issues
• New Yorker Article (Moodle)
• Are these individuals who would have committed crimes without
police involvement?
• Many already did (child pornography, etc.)
• What sort of sanctions are warranted for these crimes?
Hacking
• Motivations Vary
• Fun/thrill/rep/challenge
• “Hacktivism”
• WikiLeaks, anonymous, etc
• Fraud Scams
• Political “cyber attacks”
• Methods
• Accessing files/records
• “Denial of Service” attacks
• “Man in the Middle” diversion