Transcript Using Flickr to investigate patterns in wildlife tourism activities in

Making inferences about patterns in wildlife
tourism activities in Scotland using social media
© Richard Hassall
© Richard Hassall
©Thompson Greg
Francesca Mancini
George M. Coghill
David Lusseau
[email protected]
Tourism
9% of UK GDP
9.6% of total UK jobs
£ 127 million per year to the Scottish economy
Bryden, D.M., Westbrook, S.R., Burns, B., Taylor, W.A., and Anderson, S. 2010. Assessing the economic impacts of nature based tourism in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 398.
Deloitte, 2013. Tourism: jobs and growth. The economic contribution of the tourism economy in the UK.
Ecological impacts
© Gregg Yan
1400 species
How many tourists? And where do they go?
Surveys?
Where to get the data?
Expensive
Limited in coverage
Difficult to distinguish
specialised tourism
Limited in resolution
Can we use Flickr to study wildlife tourism in
Scotland on a national and regional scale?
1.
Validation of temporal patterns
2.
Validation of spatial patterns
3.
What can Flickr tell us about wildlife watching in Scotland?
The data
Temporal validation
Visitation data (2009-2014) from the Cairngorms National Park Authority
Flickr photos from 2009 to 2014
Spatial validation
Flickr photos from 2005 to 2015
Keywords: bird, seal, whale and dolphin
Data from the Scottish marine recreation and tourism survey
Temporal validation:
visitors in the Cairngorms National Park
Annual
oscillation
Spatial validation: wildlife pictures on the coast
20 Km
10 Km
Binomial GLMs
Negative binomial GLMs
5 Km
Survey
Number of Flickr users
Probability of Flickr picture
20 Km
Survey
Survey
Number of Flickr users
Probability of Flickr picture
Number of Flickr users
Probability of Flickr picture
Spatial validation: results
10 Km
Survey
5 Km
Survey
Survey
Seal watching in Scotland: estimates from Flickr
Whale and dolphin watching in Scotland:
estimates from Flickr
Conclusions
1
3
© NASA
© Richard Hassall
2
© Richard Hassall
© Richard Hassall
Conclusions
• Temporal patterns
• Spatial patterns
• Hotspots and spatio-temporal
trends
Future work
Sustainable?
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dominic Counsell PhD studentship
David Lusseau
George M. Coghill
Fiona Manson
Ben Leyshon
© Peter Trimming
[email protected]
Spatial validation: wildlife pictures on the coast
Popularity of Flickr?
Weather?
Bird watching in Scotland: estimates from Flickr