Transcript File - Geography For Life

ECONOMIC SECTORS
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
• Where people
collect or harvest
natural resources.
Logging, fishing,
hunting, and
farming are all
examples of primary
industries.
• Process the raw
materials collected by
primary industries,
turning those materials
into consumable
products. Weaving is a
secondary industry
because it transforms
cotton or wool fibers into
textiles, which people
can use.
ECONOMIC SECTORS
TERTIARY
Q UAT E R N A RY
• These are the service
industries, like
restaurants and retail.
• This can get confusing if
one person raises
sheep, weaves their wool
into sweaters, and then
sells those sweaters
from a small store in
town; not only is that
person involved in
primary, secondary, and
tertiary industries, she's
also probably exhausted
from all of that hard
work.
• Involve executive
decision-making
jobs, higher
education, and
research.
• Anyone who wears a
suit or a lab coat to
work is probably in a
quaternary or
quinary industry.
SPECIALIZATION OF A PLACE
Competitive Edge: Enjoyed by one place over another.
 Lower production cost
 Cheap land
 Cheap labor
 Cheaper raw material
 Market to finished product
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
Maquiladoras: Mexican factories on the US-Mexico Boarder
Advantage:
 Mexico is eager to attract foreign capital and create jobs at home
 Mexico has made investment in having companies come to Mexico with Tax benefit
and lax employment safety
 Tariffs are low in Mexico
 Workers are paid less and work more hours in Mexico
APPAREL PRODUCTION AND JOBS IN THE UNITED
STATES
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
Without the ability to move goods economic development cannot occur.
Transportation and communication systems are specially designed
 Railroads
 Roads
 Airports
 TV stations
 Telephone lines
 Internet
INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
Location principles are all based around one key goal: minimize the price of
production.
Least Cost Theory: businesses try to maximize profit by minimizing production costs.
Finding a way to minimize these production costs depends heavily on where a
particular facility is located.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Started in 1800’s
Technology changed from Cottage Industries to high tech Machinery
Britain is the first place to Industrialize
DIFFUSION OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN EUROPE
INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN NORTH AMERICA
ENERGY AND TECHNOLOGY
Britain, provided the perfect conditions—climate, resources, demand, and so forth—to
foster innovation. (Coal, Waterways)
New Technology: Spinning Jenny, Steam Engine
Machines were cheaper and more durable, skilled labors were not needed
DIFFUSION OF ECONOMIC CORES AND PERIPHERIES
Cores: center of economic activity
Peripheries: area on the boundary of the core
Core Periphery Model: one way to express the economic and developmental
inequalities among the world's countries.
Diffusion of industrialization: France, Germany, parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, the
United States
Colonies were not industrializing so that there was a demand for the industrial
products
CORE AND PERIPHERY MODEL
SITUATION FACTORS
Proximity to inputs
 Bulk-reducing
industries
 Examples:
 Copper
 Steel
SITUATION FACTORS
Proximity to
markets
 Bulk-gaining
industries
 Examples:
 Fabricated metals
 Beverage production
 Single-market
manufacturers
 Perishable products
COTTON YARN PRODUCTION
PRODUCTION OF WOMEN’S BLOUSES
ROSTER’S STAGES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Traditional Society:
 subsistent, agricultural based economy, with intensive labor and low levels of trading,
and a population that does not have a scientific perspective on the world and technology.
Preconditions in Take-off:
 society begins to develop manufacturing, and a more national/international, as opposed
to regional, outlook.
Take-off:
 short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers
and institutions become concentrated around a new industry.
Drive to Maturity:
 This stage takes place over a long period of time, as standards of living rise, use of
technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies.
Age of high mass consumption:
 a country's economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production
and consumerism.
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
Time-Space Compression: set of processes that cause the relative distances between
places (i.e., as measured in terms of travel time or cost) to contract, effectively
making such places grow “closer.”
World Trade Organization: only global international organization dealing with the rules
of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and
signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.
The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers
conduct their business.
World Bank: is a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans
to developing countries for capital programs. The World Bank is a component of
the World Bank Group, and a member of the United Nations Development Group
GLOBAL PRODUCTION
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
Human Development Index: Indicator of level of development for each country,
constructed by the UN, combing income, literacy, education, and life expectancy.
Gross Domestic Product: is the value of the total output of goods and services
produced IN a country during a year.
Literacy Rate: The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
Gender-Related Development Index: compares level of development of women with
that of both sexes.
Gender Empowerment Measure: Compares that ability of women and men to
participate in economic and political decision making.
Less Developed Country: A country that is at a relatively early stag in the process of
economic development.
More Developed Country: A country that has progressed relatively far along a
continuum of development.
MORE AND LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS
GENDER-RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX
DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR OF GENDER DIFFERENCE:
LIFE EXPECTANCY
GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASURE (GEM)
ECONOMIC INDICATOR OF EMPOWERMENT:
PROFESSIONALS
DEINDUSTRIALIZATION
When a former booming area ceases to become an industrial sector.
All this happened at a time when the nation as a whole was becoming wealthier and
more developed.
Note that regional trends often seem contradictory in the face of the bigger picture.
Because different regions specialize in different industries, however, it makes
sense that changes hit some communities harder than others.
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT
The air and water pollution that first began with the Industrial Revolution continues
today, and it affects the health and livelihoods of billions of people.
Environmental degradation associated with industrialization includes greenhouse gas
emissions, increased amounts of garbage, and toxic waste dumping
Negatively affect quality of life by polluting water supplies and making air smoggy.
Climate change also reduces agricultural yield in certain areas and creates new
patterns of floods and droughts
Both industrialized and industrializing countries grapple with the issue of alleviating
the effects of environmental degradation without crippling human activities
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability isn't only about minimizing damage to the environment. It's about
developing conscientiously without depleting natural resources and degrading the
biosphere.
Cap-and-trade programs would punish countries that emit more greenhouse gases
than they are allowed
Renewable resources like wind and water energy, which require prohibitively
expensive investments
PROGRESS TOWARD DEVELOPMENT
TRIUMPH OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE APPROACH
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
GOVERNMENT POLICIES
Examples of government or state actions designed to create a productive
environment for economic accumulation, also called regulation, are common.
General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) help define global trade regulations
Governments provide development assistance bilaterally or through international
agencies like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, and
regional agencies like the Asian Development Bank and the Inter American
Development Bank.
Strategies to attract and maintain investments include the reduction of trade tariffs to
promote the free movement of goods, capital, and in some cases labor across
national borders