Transcript Road Safety in China - The World Bank`s Experience

Road Safety in China:
The World Bank’s Experience
Christopher R Bennett
Senior Transport Specialist - EASTR
The World Bank
Outline
• The traffic safety crisis
• Reducing traffic crashes
• China’s new ‘Road Traffic Safety
Law’
• World Bank traffic safety
initiatives
• Future outlook of road safety in
China
The Traffic Safety Crisis
Traffic Injuries Huge Public Health
and Development Problem
• 1.2 million die a year
• 20-50 million more are
injured or disabled
• 11th leading cause of
death
• account for 2.1% of all
deaths globally
Copyright Etienne Creux, Pretoria News
Disease Burden for 10 Leading
Causes
1998
2020
1. Lower Respiratory
infections
1. Ischaemic heart disease
2. HIV/AIDS
2. Unipolar major depression
3. Perinatal conditions
3. Road traffic injuries
4. Diarrhoeal diseases
4. Cerebrovascular disease
5. Unipolar major depression
5. Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
6. Ischaemic heart disease
6. Lower respiratory
infections
7. Cerebrovascular disease
7. Tuberculosis
8. Malaria
8. War
9. Road traffic injuries
9. Diarrhoeal diseases
10. Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease
10. HIV/AIDS
Based on disability-adjusted
life years lost
The majority of road traffic injuries occur in
low- and middle-income countries
Most Injured are Vulnerable
Road Users
Netherlands
Japan
Norw ay
Australia
U.S.A.
Malaysia
Thailand
Colombo, Sri Lanka
Bandung, Indonesia
Delhi, India
0%
10%
Pedestrians
20%
Bicyclists
30%
40%
50%
60%
Motorized 2-wheelers
70%
80%
90%
Motorized 4-wheelers
100%
Other
Traffic Fatalities Predicted to
Increase by 67% by 2020
Mainly
China
China as an example…..
•
•
•
•
•
•
Very rapid rate of motorization
Serious congestion in many cities
Pedestrians poorly treated
Bicycles being squeezed
Fragmented institutions
But growing awareness of the
problem
Implications for China
• 100-150,000 killed each year
• (10% of world total)
• Some 5.5 million injured each
year
• Total cost about 2% of GDP
(some estimates up to 7%)
Trends in Accident Risk vs GDP
Motorization
Accident Risk
X
GDP Growth
GDP Growth
International Pattern of
Fatalities vs GDP
1.8
Fatalities/10,000Persons
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
200
4,200
8,200
12,200
16,200
20,200
Per Capita GDP (1985 $int'l)
24,200
28,200
China – some examples …
• Traffic
safety
board – but
note the
deep,
unprotected
ditch
China – some examples …
• Poor
expressway
exit ramp
design
China – some examples …
• Dangerous
entrance to
expressway
rest area
China – some examples …
• Crossroad
with poor
visibility
and
dangerous
obstacle in
main road
China – some examples …
• Good
example of
providing a
slow-vehicle
lane on a
two-lane
highway
Reducing Traffic Crashes
World Report on Road Traffic Injury
Prevention
• World Health Day - 7 April 2004
– launch World Report on Road Traffic
Injury Prevention
http://www.who.int/world-healthday/2004/infomaterials/world_report/en/
– launch of a global road safety campaign
• United Nations
– General Assembly resolution - 14 April 2004
– Stakeholder Forum - 15 April 2004
• World Health Assembly resolution - May 2004
• World Conference on Road Injury Prevention—
Vienna - June, 2004
Major Risk Factors
• Exposure to risk
– economic, demographic factors
– land use, travel modes, road design
• Influencing crash involvement
– speed, alcohol & other drugs, fatigue
– vulnerable road users
– vehicle factors
– defects in road design
Major Risk Factors
• Crash severity
– human tolerance factors
– speed, alcohol & other drugs
– not using seat-belts, child restraints, helmets
– insufficient vehicle crash protection
– unforgiving roadside objects
• Severity of post-crash injuries
– chain of medical care from prehospital to rehabilitation
Focus on Five Key Areas
• Speed
• Alcohol
• Seat-belts and child restraints
• Helmets
• Visibility
Road Safety is a Shared
Responsibility
GOVERNMENT &
LEGISLATIVE BODIES
USERS / CITIZENS
MEDIA
ROAD INJURY
PREVENTION
POLICY
INDUSTRY
POLICE
PROFESSIONALS
NGOs, SPECIAL
INTEREST GROUPS
19
60
19
62
19
64
19
66
19
68
19
70
19
72
19
74
19
76
19
78
19
80
19
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
19
96
19
98
20
00
20
02
Fatality rate per 100 000 population
Road Traffic Crashes
Preventable
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Years
UK
Australia
USA
No Single Solution: NZ Example
3.6
750
Road deaths
3.3
700
3.0
650
2.7
600
SRSP road safety campaign
550
Vehicle
impoundment
Highway Patrol
Deaths
CBT and speed cameras
2.4
2.1
500
Deaths per 10,000 vehicles
450
1.8
1.5
400
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Deaths per 10,000 vehicles
First National Road Safety Plan
First S(A)P: targeted enforcement resources
2004 China Road Traffic
Safety Law
2004 Road Traffic Safety Law
• For first time National People’s
Congress passed law
• Implementation Regulations will lay
foundations for road safety activities
nationwide
• Two key elements:
– People First Initiative promotes
environment of mutual respect between
drivers and pedestrians
– Compulsory 3rd Party Insurance
compels drivers to have insurance and
sets up social assistance fund
People First Initiative (Art 76)
• Motorists responsible for any traffic
accident between vehicles and nonmotorized traffic (NMT) even if they
are not at fault
• Places ‘right to life’ over ‘right of way’
• Some alleviation of responsibility if
– NMT had violated laws and regulations
– Intentional negligence of NMT (although
not specifically defined)
Compulsory Third Party
Insurance (Art 17)
• All drivers must have 3rd Party
Insurance
• Social assistance fund for road
traffic accidents established
• New minimum and maximum
limits for compensation
Pedestrian Right-of-Way
• Major milestone of new law
• Vehicles to slow at pedestrian
crossings, and give way to
pedestrians on zebra crossings or
where no signals
• Zebra crossings required in front of
schools
• Colored rumble strips for the blind
Drinking and Driving
• Provision for stricter penalties
• National alcohol limit not
specified and still under
discussion
• Two categories:
– Having drunk alcohol but not drunk
– Drunk
World Bank Traffic Safety
Initiatives
Phases
• 1989 – 1994: Zero safety
components
• 1994 – 1997: ‘Christmas Tree’ of
technical studies
• 1997 – Present:
Experimentation in practicality
Bank Road Safety Strategy
• ‘1st Generation’ Approach
• Defined in 1996 at 2nd Conference on
Asia Road Safety in Beijing
• Based on gradualism
– Pilot and demonstration projects
– Paving way for widespread adoption
• Primary focus on safety engineering,
reflecting counterparts in
communications departments
Core Components
• Accident Information Systems
• Blackspot Analysis and
Treatment
• Safety Audit Manuals
• Safety Seminars
Outcomes
• Initiatives generally viewed as
positive
– Improved staff skills
– Brought agencies closer together
– Improved engineering safety
practices
– Raised awareness
– Improved overall safety
Different Successes
• Henan
– Strong institutional strengthening
created focused, and well-supported
team of safety professionals
• Hubei
– Grass-roots involvement through ‘safety
villages’
• Anhui
– Effective focus on blackspot analysis and
treatment
Some Failures
• Inter-ministry dialog not always
effective (eg lack of data
sharing)
• Designs often deficient from a
safety perspective
• Not always effective at
leveraging the pilot projects to
full implementation
1st vs 2nd Generation Traffic
Safety Projects
• 1st Generation
– Small components
in larger
infrastructure
projects
– Fragmented, single
sector
– Simple to prepare
– One off
– Outcomes often
difficult to measure
• 2nd Generation
– Large stand alone
traffic safety
projects
– Integrated, multisectoral
– Complex to prepare
– Outcomes large
enough to measure
– First step in longer
process
2nd Generation Offer Most
Potential to Improve Safety
• Bank developing tools to help
implement 2nd Generation projects
• Some countries have started to
develop projects (first in Vietnam)
Future Outlook for Traffic
Safety in China
The Bad News …
1.8
1.6
Fatalities/10,000Persons
• It will get
worse
before it
gets
better
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
200
4,200
8,200
12,200
16,200
20,200
Per Capita GDP (1985 $int'l)
24,200
28,200
The Good News …
• Chinese Government is committed to
taking action
• 2004 Traffic Safety Law embodies
many of the factors that will reduce
traffic crashes
–
–
–
–
Alcohol
Helmets
Seat Belts
Overloading
Opportunities - Strategic
• Road safety goals need to be clearly
included as part of national
development aspirations
• Clear definition of short, medium and
long-term targets for traffic safety
• Further refinement of responsibilities
for traffic safety
• Inclusion of stakeholders from the
wider community
Opportunities - Engineering
• Update design standards to
reflect latest best practice for
traffic safety
• Upskill designers and traffic
engineers
• Improved safety audits of
designs and existing roads
Opportunities - Enforcement
• Increase training to share best
practice and ensure consistency
• Consider enforcement programs
as part of design process
• Provide additional tools to PBS
traffic staff
• Increase enforcement levels
Opportunities - Education
• Review existing programs and
develop consistent, national
program using different tools