Transcript Kyrgyz - USAID Natural Resource Management and

Impacts from Sustainable Land
Management Investments
Case Study - Kyrgyzstan
UNCCD
CRIC - 5
Buenos Aires, Argentina
March 2007
Outline
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Introduction
Desertification and Land Degradation Processes
Kyrgyzstan Water Resources and Irrigation
Water User Associations in the Kyrgyz Republic
Case Study WUA Performance in Orok Village
Conclusions
Objectives
• What are
– Impacts from investments in Sustainable Land and
Water Management (SLM)?
– Linkages between SLM, economic growth, poverty
reduction, and good governance?
• Do investments in Natural Resources Management
– Improve peoples’ livelihoods?
– Decrease land degradation rates?
– Strengthen local environmental governance?
• Do Water User Associations (WUAs)
– Achieve positive results in SLM?
Desertification and Land
Degradation
• Desertification is land degradation
• Reduces ecosystem integrity
– Productivity, biodiversity, and resilience
• Causes
– Multiple, complex, and varied
– Over-exploitation of natural resources
– Poor agricultural practices, overgrazing, deforestation, etc.
UNCCD in Central Asia
• National Action Programs (NAPs)
• Subregional Action Plan (SAP)
– Monitoring and evaluation of
processes
– Drought early warning system
– Improving water use in agriculture
– Combating land degradation
• Cooperation
– Water-saving technologies in
agriculture
– Enterprises for agricultural
technology
– Water Users Associations
(federations)
– Best practices
– Principles of free-market-oriented
agricultural systems
Country
Area
Arable
land
Irrigated
land
million
ha
million
ha
million
ha
Kazakhstan
271.7
22.5
3.6
Kyrgyzstan
19.8
1.3
1.1
Tajikistan
14.3
0.9
0.7
Turkmenistan
48.8
2.2
1.8
Uzbekistan
44.7
4.7
4.3
Central Asia
399.4
51.4
11.4
CACILM
Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management
• ADB supported program to
– Promote sustainable land
management
– Build capacity in land and water
resource management
• National Programming
Framework (2006 – 2016)
– Capacity building
• Agriculture, Forestry, Pastures
– Research
• Integrated resource management
UNCCD in Kyrgyz Republic
• Joined 1997, ratified 1999
• Coordination Council - Leads in implementing UNCCD
• National Action Plan
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Natural resources management
Public awareness
Combat land degradation
Land productivity
Improve economy
Promote rural tourism
Restore pastures
Reforestation
Monitoring
Kyrgyz Land & Water
Resources
• Area
– Total land - 19.85 million ha
– Arable land - 1.3 million ha
– Irrigated land - 1.1 million ha
• 2003
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Highly saline 14,900 ha
Moderately saline 31,600 ha
Slightly saline 65,200 ha
Waterlogged 114,100 ha
Kyrgyz Economy
• Mountainous country
– Ave. elevation 2,750 m
• Population - 5 million
• Agriculture
– 34% of GDP
– 43% of work force
– 20% of exports
• Water Use
– Agricultural
• 9.4 billion m3
– Domestic and industrial
• 0.3 billion m3
Kyrgyz GDP per capita 1995-2004
Kyrgyz Land Reforms
• Transition
100.0
– From
– To
• Many small-scale
producers in a
market economy
State (%)
Private (%)
80.0
Agricultural Production (%)
• Large, collective
and state farms
• Centrally planned
economy
90.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Kyrgyz Agricultural Output, 1990 – 2005
Kyrgyz Farm Management
• Shortage of
Support services
Microfinance
Inputs
Infrastructure
Marketing outlets
• Small size of farms
– Initial land distribution
– Un-economic units
Grains
Cotton
25.0
Yield (100 kg/ha)
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30.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Kyrgyz Agricultural Yields, 1990 – 2005
Kyrgyz Arable Lands
• Problems
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Soil erosion
Salinity
Waterlogging
Loss of vegetative cover
Weed cover
• Caused by
– Abandonment of farms
– Unsustainable agricultural practices
– Weak linkage between land users and state agencies and
private sector
– Decreased land reclamation
– Poverty of rural population
Kyrgyz Irrigation Systems
• Problems
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Secondary salinization
Lack of Drainage
Waterlogging
Erosion
• Caused by
– low efficiency of irrigation networks due to poor
maintenance
– low efficiency of water use at the farm level
– deterioration of drainage network
– lack of financial and technical resources
Payment for Water
• Farmers pay
– $0.75/1000 m3
• Parliament won’t
increase to
– $2.50/1000 m3
• Cost of irrigation
system and
service
– $58/ha
– 6 x more than
expenditures
Irrigation fee for different regions of Kyrgyzstan
Water User Associations
• Land privatization
– Land Code
– Law on Farming
1999
• WUAs
– 1995 – 2002
• On-farm irrigation
systems transferred to
WUAs
– 2005
• Water rights based on
hydrological basins
• Tariffs reflects irrigation
and drainage system
O&M costs
Development of Kyrgyz WUAs 1999 – 2007
IMT in Kyrgyzstan
• IMT to WUAs
– 1991
• 504 irrigation systems
• 1 million irrigated ha
– 2005
• 430 WUAs
• 708 thousand irrigated
ha
– Successful where
• cash crops are grown
• favorable economic
conditions
• water-short areas
– Improvements expected
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Rule of law
Financial management
Water user awareness
Farmer participation
Irrigated land under Kyrgyz WUAs
WUA Sustainability
• Establish & collect fees
– Cover O&M, and
administrative costs
– Water service fees
• In kind payments
– Allowed up to 30%
– Running 50% - 80%
ISF Collection Rates in of Kyrgyzstan
Case Study: Orok Village
• Orok Village Administration
• Jantai Tush WUA
– Irrigated land 1,247 ha
– Water use 8,500,000 m3
– Debt $3,108
– 6833 inhabitants
• 1931 families
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1867 have no conveniences
210 Poor Families ($186/person/year)
65 Moderately Poor ($124/person/year)
28 Extremely Poor ($44/person/year)
– Livestock has increased inn last 4
years
WUA State & Activities
• Established 2002
• Canal network
– 65 km
– 50 km unlined
• Net value $55,334
• O&M $907 - $1,295
• Staff
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Director
Accountant
Hydraulic technician
Ditch riders (seasonal)
Farmers: Where can we get good seeds?
WUA Water Supply
• Interfarm irrigation system
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Ala-Archa river
Kirovsky canal
Jantai main canal
Canals P-1 and P-2
• Some flumes are damaged
• Water delivery difficult
Irrigation for seedling emergence
Water Intake and
Supply (thousands
m3)
Irrigation Systems
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Water Use in Irrigation & WUA
Effectiveness
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~100% using furrow and border strip
irrigation
65% measured volume with a weir
35% measured volume "by eye“
~100% water distributed appropriately
Irrigation Service
Payments
Crop Yields
• Farmers have
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7 tractors
2 harvesters
3 balers
6 trucks
Crop Yields (% of 2003)
Farm Animals
(2004 as % of 2002)
Farm Microcredit
• Some farmers obtained loans ($958 - $5,180)
• Some farmers did not
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High rates (up to 30%)
Difficult document preparation
Repayment difficulty
Length of loan period
Some Problems
• Shortages of
– Funds (farmers, village, WUA)
• Maintenance of machinery, irrigation systems and structures.
• New machinery and equipment
– Processing and storage facilities
– Markets
– Pastures
• Shortcomings of land and agrarian reform
– Break-up of large enterprises
– Reduction of
• Management services
• Technical knowledge
• Seed farming
• Lack of knowledge about
– Farming
– Effective use of water
Conclusions
• Problems of WUAs
– Tariffs for irrigation services are too low
– Excessive "in kind" payment of irrigation service fees
– WUAs
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Passive
Lack physical infrastructure
Management not aware of authority and responsibility
Incomplete managerial functions
Lack management transparency
Poor auditing conditions
Conclusions
• Benefits of WUAs
– Water users
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Use irrigation water more responsibly
Understand that excessive use of water for irrigation has a cost
Participate in water management
Undertake mutually agreed activities for resource management
Participate in establishing tariffs for irrigation water supply
Control operation and maintenance of irrigation systems
Take responsibility for decision making and implementation
Reduction of moisture-loving crops
– WUAs
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New institutions have demonstrated potential and vitality
Set example of proper management of local associations
Provide input to water sector reform
Assist in restructuring water resources management
Improve water distribution
Advise on irrigation methods