Transcript Department of Science and Technology

Vision
A leading institution of higher
learning recognized for its
quality transformative
education serving the nation
and the world.
MISSION
To provide a dynamic and supportive
academic environment through the
highest standard of instruction,
research and extension in a nonsectarian institution committed to
democratizing access to education.
gOALS
To achieve its mission, the University aims to:
• offer academic programs that meet the changing national and international
community needs;
• produce graduates who are competent leaders and productive members of
society;
• harness a pool of ethical, qualified and highly-trained human resources;
• provide an academic environment conducive to optimum learning through
adequate state-of-the-art facilities;
• conduct researches and other scholarly activities that generate new
knowledge and contribute to the improvement of the “quality of life” for
all;
• engage in community services that foster self-reliance and empowerment
among the marginalized community; and
• lead in the promotion and preservation of the cultural heritage of
Mindanao and of the country as a whole.
What are the Philippines
government departments
and their functions?
DENR department of
environment and natural
resources.
DSWD department of social
welfare and development
DPWH department of public
works and highways
GSIS government service
insurance system
NEDA national economic and
development authority
DILG department of interior
and local government
DOST department of science
and technology
DFA
department of foreign
affairs
The DENR traces its roots to
the Inspeccion General de Montes,
an office established in the country
by a Spanish Royal Decree. The
organization's main function
involved forest administration,
mineral resources conservation and
land protection.
DSWD Social welfare as a basic function
of the state was a concept that
materialized only after the Second World
War, although different groups were
undertaking pockets of social work in
the first decade of the American
occupation in the country. After the war,
the Philippine government gradually
assumed the major responsibility for
social welfare.
The development of the
Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) into its present
structure underwent a long process
of evolution spanning a century of
colorful and significant events in
laying the groundwork for the
physical foundation of the country.
The Government Service Insurance
System (GSIS) has for children of lowincome GSIS members to earn a college
degree. The GSIS will shoulder up to
P20,000 of the actual cost of tuition and
miscellaneous fees of the selected
scholar per semester. The scholars will
also get a monthly stipend of P2,000.00.
the National Economic Development
Authority was created as the
government’s central planning body. The
first major thrust of the governmentwide reorganization effected through
Presidential Decree (P.D.) No. 1 issued
on 24 September 1972, otherwise
known as the Integrated Reorganization
deficiencies of the system then existing.
Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) may be traced to the
old Department of Interior (DI) during
the Philippine Revolution of 1897. On
March 22, 1897, leaders of the
Katipunan led by Andres Bonifacio met
at Tejeros, Cavite in what is known in the
Philippine history as the Acla de Tejeros
of the Tejeros Convention.
The Philippines' Department of Science
and Technology is the executive
department of the Philippine
Government responsible for the
coordination of science and technologyrelated projects in the Philippines and to
formulate policies and projects in the
fields of science and technology in
support of national development.
DFA OPENS HISTORY OF FOREIGN
SERVICE EXHIBIT
AT ROBINSONS MAGNOLIA
The Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA),
in partnership with Robinsons Malls,
opened the exhibit, “The Philippine
Foreign Service: Its Beginnings,” at
Robinsons Magnolia in Quezon City on
February 17.
By Commodity Group, Year-on-Year
At the national level, year-on-year mark-ups in the
indices of the following commodity groups were on
the uptrend: food and non-alcoholic beverages (6.7%);
clothing and footwear (3.4%); housing, water,
electricity, gas and other fuels (3.7%); furnishing,
household equipment and routine maintenance of the
house (2.5%); transport (1.5%); and communication
(0.1%). The rest of the commodity groups either had
slower annual growths or retained their last month’s
rate.
In NCR, annual inflation of the heavily-weighted
food and non-alcoholic beverages index advanced
6.5 percent; clothing and footwear index, 3.3
percent; housing, water, electricity, gas and other
fuels index, 3.2 percent; and health index, 4.2
percent. Those for the rest of the commodity groups
either decelerated or remained at their last month’s
rates.
The month-on-month inflation in NCR picked up by
0.5 percent in May due to the 1.3 percent mark-up
in food and non-alcoholic beverages index. The
other commodity groups either had slower monthly
growths or retained their last month’s rate with the
transport index posting a 0.1 percent decrease
during the month.
By Commodity Group, Month-on-Month
Measured from a month ago level, prices of consumer
items in the Philippines grew by 0.5 percent in May. This
was brought about by the 0.7 percent increase in the
heavily-weighted food and non-alcoholic beverages index.
In addition, higher growth rates were seen in alcoholic
beverages and tobacco and clothing and footwear indices
at 0.3 percent and in furnishing, household equipment and
routine maintenance of house index, 0.2 percent. The rest
of the commodity groups either slowed down or retained
their last month's rate. The indices of transport,
communication and education still registered a zero
growth.
Revision in the inflation rate in AONCR for April
2014 was due to the updated reports in electricity
rates from selected provinces.
CPIs and inflation rates by province and selected city
are also available upon request at NSO, Industry and
Trade Statistics Department, Economic Indices and
Indicators Division (Telephone Numbers: 716-39-35
and 715-33-47).
Employment
"Promoting full and productive employment by
developing integrated employment, development and
skills policies that maximize the employment impact
of economic growth, investment and development
and which are inclusive, gender sensitive, productive
and sustainable is essential for achieving ILO’s
strategic objective on employment".
The employment rate in April 2014 is estimated at 93.0 percent. This
estimate is based on the April 2014 round of the LFS which did not cover
the province of Leyte. The employment rate for the same month of
2013, computed using data from the April 2013 LFS that includes the
province of Leyte, was 92.5 percent. Using data from the same LFS
round, but excluding data from the province of Leyte, the employment
rate for April 2013 is estimated at 92.4 percent. For this report, the April
2013 labor and employment indicators, computed based on data which
excludes the province of Leyte, are used when comparing the April 2014
estimates with the April 2013 figures.
Four regions, namely, National Capital Region (NCR)
(89.6%), Ilocos Region (90.8%), CALABARZON (91.0%),
and Central Luzon (91.4%) had employment rates
lower than the national figure. The labor
force participation rate (LFPR) in April 2014 is
estimated at 65.2 percent, up from the LFPR in April
2013 which was estimated at 63.8 percent. The labor
force consists of the employed and the unemployed.
Workers are grouped into three broad sectors, namely, agriculture,
industry and services sector. Workers in the services sector
continued to comprise the largest proportion of the population who
are employed. These workers made up 52.8 percent of the total
employed in April 2014 (Table 1). Among them, those engaged in
wholesale and retail trade or in the repair of motor vehicles and
motorcycles accounted for the largest percentage (35.7% of workers
in services sector) (Table 2). In April 2013, workers in the services
sector accounted for 52.7 percent of the total employed,
Workers in the agriculture sector comprised the second largest group
making up 30.7 percent of the total employed in April 2014, while
workers in the industry sector made up the smallest group registering
16.4 percent of the total employed. Similar percentages were recorded
for April 2013, with workers in agriculture making up at 31.2 percent of
the total employed, and workers in industry sector, 16.2 percent. In the
industry sector, workers in the manufacturing subsector made up the
largest group, accounting for 52.4 percent of workers in this sector, and
those in construction, the second largest group, making up 40.7 percent
(Table 1 and 2).
Among the occupation groups, the laborers and unskilled workers
remained the largest group making up 32.3 percent of the total
employed in April 2014 (Table 1). In April 2013, such workers made up
32.5 percent of the total employed in that period. Officials of the
Government and special interest organizations, corporate executives,
managers, and managing proprietors (16.0% of the total employed)
comprised the second largest occupation group, followed by farmers,
forestry workers and fishermen (13.3%), and service workers and
shop/market sales workers (12.5%).
Employed persons fall into any of these classes of workers: wage
and salary workers, self-employed workers without any paid employee,
employers in own family-operated farm or business, and unpaid family
workers. Wage and salary workers are those who work for private
households, private establishments, government or governmentcontrolled corporations, and those who work with pay in own familyoperated farm or business. In April 2014, the wage and salary workers
made up 57.5 percent of the total employed, with those working in
private establishments continuing to account for the largest percentage
(Table 1).
They made up 44.7 percent of the total employed in April
2014 and 44.4 percent of the total employed in April
2013. The second largest class of workers were the selfemployed making up 28.2 percent of the total employed in
April 2014, and 28.6 percent in April 2013. The third largest
class of workers consisted of the unpaid family workers,
accounting for 11.2 percent of the total employed in April
2014, and 10.9 percent of the total employed in April 2013.
Employed persons are classified as either full-time workers or
part-time workers. Full-time workers are those who work for
40 hours or more in a week, while part-time workers work for
less than 40 hours. Of the total employed persons in April
2014, 59.3 percent were full-time workers, while 38.7 percent
were part-time workers (Table 3). By comparison, in April
2013, full-time workers comprised 63.8 percent while parttime workers, 34.5 percent.
The proportion of full-time workers had decreased in all
industry sectors. The decrease is most notable in the
agriculture sector. In April 2014, workers worked 40.3 hours
per week, on average, compared to 41.9 hours in April
2013. The mean hours worked per week had decreased in all
sectors.
Employed persons who express the desire to have additional
hours of work in their present job, or to have additional job,
or to have a new job with longer working hours are
considered underemployed. In April 2014, the
underemployment rate, which is the percentage of the
underemployed to the total employed, is estimated at 18.2
percent, while it was estimated at 19.2 percent in April 2013.
Underemployed persons who work for less than 40 hours in a
week are called visibly underemployed persons. They
accounted for 61.0 percent of the total underemployed in
April 2014 (Table 4). The proportion in the same month of
2013 was lower (53.7%). By comparison, the underemployed
persons who worked for 40 hours or more in a week made up
36.4 percent. By sector, 41.3 percent of the underemployed
worked in the agriculture sector, while 40.9 percent were in
the services sector.
The unemployment rate in April 2014 is estimated at 7.0
percent. It is estimated at 7.6 percent for April 2013 based on
the April 2013 LFS data which excludes Leyte. Including Leyte,
the April 2013 unemployment rate is estimated at 7.5
percent. Among the regions, the NCR (10.4%), Ilocos Region
(9.2%), Central Luzon (8.6%) and CALABARZON (9.0%) had
unemployment rates higher than the national figure (Table 5).
Among the unemployed persons in April 2014, 61.7 percent
were males. Of the total unemployed, the age group 15 to 24
years comprised 49.8 percent, while the age group 25 to 34,
30.5 percent. By educational attainment, one-fifth (22.4%) of
the unemployed were college graduates, 14.5 percent were
college undergraduates, and 32.7 percent were high school
graduates (Table 6).
Suppose that a car moves 100 kilometers
per hour (kph). One second after, suppose
that the same car moves between 95 and
105 kph. The outcome is not surprising for
it is normal to change in a second, given the
momentum, the wind, the steepness, and
the humps and bumps of the road. But
suppose the car doubles its speed to 200
kph or stops to 0 kph in a second.
Then the outcome is not normal and it
raises questions. Was it hit by lightning
from behind to double its speed to 200
kph? Did the car hit solid rock to
completely stop? What part of the change
has to do with human intervention, e.g.,
the driver floors either the gas pedal or the
brakes?
In this fashion, the economy is no different from
the car. If it grows at a certain rate like 6.4 percent,
by virtue of momentum, by us just showing up to
work and doing the same thing as before, the
economy will normally grow not too differently
from 6.4 percent. This is so unless some
extraordinary event like apower crisis, a natural
disaster, or a technological revolution takes place;
or unless some human policy intervention
succeeds or fails dramatically.
One way to explain the growth of the economy is
through the Real Business Cycle (RBC) model. Our
population grows by 2 percent per year so that
there is a natural growth of consumers and
producers of the same rate. So normally, the
economy grows by at least 2 percent. Aside from
population, technological progress takes its course.
That is, knowledge and experience accumulate,
institutions mature, good habits destroy bad ones,
etc.
Technological progress impacts
productivity that results in additional
natural growth. In the past 10 years
(2002 to the present), I measure this
natural growth at 5.1 percent.
Arithmetically, this means 2 percent
via population growth and 3.1 percent
via technological progress.
Of course the economy does not actually grow by
5.1 percent every singleperiod. Rather, the
economy cycles around 5.1 percent (thus business
cycle). Sometimes it grows faster, and sometimes it
grows slower. In the long run, it is (asymptotically)
bound to grow by 5.1 percent per year. That is,
unless some extraordinary events like a natural
disaster or technical revolution takes place; or
unless some policy intervention succeeds or fails.
Knowing the RBC and in retrospect, the
benchmarking, it should have been put this way. In
2010, the economy should have normally grown by
5.9 percent and yet it grew by 7.7 percent. This
was a pleasant surprise with anecdotal creditgoing
to election spending. Since 2010 is half and half
between the Arroyo and Aquino administrations, it
might be fair to say that either or neither be
credited or blamed.
In 2011, the economy should have normally
grown by 4.6 percent and yet it grew by 3.8
percent. This was a drag that needs
explanation. Natural disaster in
thelikes of Sendong was bad especially for
Northern Mindanao. But it was not enough
to drag national growth by 1 percent (also
remember that it came on December,
2011).
Anecdotal blame goes to the national
government under spending. The
government dramatically cut the
budget deficit from P314 billion in
2010 to just less than P200 billion in
2011. It is also convenient to blame
the drag on the European debt crisis.
In the first quarter of 2012, the
economy should have normally
grown by 4.2 percent and yet it
grew by 6.4 percent! This is a
pleasant surprise that raises
questions whose answers nobody
can answer yet.
But the point is this. Suppose the
economy grows by 1 percent and not
the normal 4.2 percent. Then the
planner cannot take credit and
citizens should not be glad about the
positive growth. Rather, the planner
should explain it, as citizens should
demand why the economy grew by
only 1 percent.
By the same token, if the
economy grew by 6.4 percent and
not the normal 4.2 percent, then
the planner can relax, since
citizens should be aware that the
economy grew faster than
normal.
Going forward, the RBC states that the economy is
to normally grow by 5.9, 5.6 and 5.4 percent in the
last three quarters of 2012. These numbers should
at least provide planners and citizens
a more educated benchmark. If the economy
grows slower than the said numbers, then
planners should explain, as citizens should demand
why the economy did not grow as fast. Otherwise,
if the economy grows faster, then planners need
not explain and proceed to the next quarters.
At independence in 1946, the Philippines was an
agricultural nation tied closely to its erstwhile
colonizer, the United States. This was most clearly
observed in trade relations between the two
countries. In 1950 the value of the Philippines' ten
principal exports--all but one being agricultural or
mineral products in raw or minimally processed
form--added up to 85 percent of the country's
exports. For the first twenty-five years of
independence, the structure of export trade
remained relatively constant.
The direction of trade, however, did not remain
constant. In 1949, 80 percent of total Philippine
trade was with the United States. Thereafter, the
United States portion declined as that of Japan
rose. In 1970 the two countries' share was
approximately 40 percent each, the United States
slightly more, and Japan slightly less. The pattern
of import trade was similar, if not as concentrated.
The United States share of Philippine imports
declined more rapidly than Japan's share rose, so
that by 1970 the two countries accounted for
about 60 percent of total Philippine imports.
After 1970 Philippine exporters
began to find new markets, and
on the import side the dramatic
increases in petroleum prices
shifted shares in value terms, if
not in volume. In 1988 the United
States accounted for 27 percent
of total Philippine trade, Japan
for 19 percent.
At the time of independence and as a requirement
for receiving war reconstruction assistance from
the United States, the
Philippine government agreed to a number of
items that, in effect, kept the Philippines closely
linked to the United States economy and
protected American business interests in the
Philippines. Manila promised not to change its
(overvalued) exchange rate from the prewar parity
of P2 to the dollar, or to impose tariffs on imports
from the United States without the consent of the
president of the United States.
By 1949 the situation had become
untenable. Imports greatly surpassed
the sum of exports and the inflow of
dollar aid, and a regime of import and
foreign-exchange controls was
initiated, which remained in place
until the early 1960s.
The controls initially reduced the inflow of goods
dramatically. Between 1949 and 1950, imports fell
by almost 40 percent to US$342 million and
surpassed the 1949 level in only one year during
the 1950s. Being constrained, imports of goods
and nonfactor services as a proportion of GNP
declined during the 1950s, ending the decade at
10.6 percent, about the same percentage as that
of exports. By the late 1950s, however, exchange
controls had begun to lose their effectiveness as
most available FOREIGN EXCHANGE was
committed for required imports.
A tariff law was passed in 1957, and, from 1960 to
early 1962, import and exchange controls were
phased out. Exports and imports increased rapidly.
By 1965 the import to GNP ratio was more than 17
percent. Another acceleration of imports occurred
in the early 1970s, this time raising the import to
GNP ratio to around 25 percent, the level at which
it remained into the 1990s. Imports in the 1970s
were increasingly being financed by
external debt rather than by exports.
The composition of imports evolved after
independence as industrial development occurred
and commercial policy was modified. In 1949,
about 37 percent of imports were consumer
goods. This proportion declined to around 20
percent during the exchange-and-import control
period of the 1950s. By the late 1960s, consumer
imports had been largely replaced by domestic
production. Imports of machinery and equipment
increased, however, as the country engaged in
industrialization, from around 10 percent in the
early 1950s to double that by the mid-1960s.
As a result of the surge in petroleum
prices in the 1970s, the import share
of both consumer and capital goods
fell somewhat, but their relative
magnitudes remained the same.
No matter the trade regime, the
Philippines had difficulty in generating
sufficient exports to pay for its imports. In
the forty years from 1950 through 1990,
the trade balance was positive in only two
years: 1963 and 1973. For a few years after
major devaluations in 1962 and 1970, the
current account was in surplus,
Exceptions
individuals ......
45 for every qualified dependent child;
number of children not to exceed four.
Exceptions for Small and Medium
Enterprises with income of less than
100,000 pesos
Cedula
is a community tax that is paid
annually at the Barangay Hall. It is
often rated at 5% of income.
Value Added Taxes (VAT)
In the Philippines, the rate of VAT is at 12%. With
some additional VAT:
Cockpits and Cabarets: 18%
Jai-Jalai and racetracks: 30%
And with some exceptions:
Big Businesses: 90%
Not VAT-registered businesses: 3-5%
Excise taxes
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco products, jewelry,
petroleum products, mining and petroleum taxes,
residence taxes, a head tax on immigrants above a
certain age and staying beyond a certain period,
document stamp taxes, donor (gift) taxes, estate
taxes, and capital gains taxes. A document stamp tax
is charged on stock certificates, proofs of
indebtedness, proofs of ownership, etc., and
normally amount to .75% to 1% of the par or face
value of the certificate are imposed with excise
taxes.
Declaration of Principles
and Policies
It is the policy of the State
to pursue a Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program
(CARP).
The Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Programo
Known as R.A. 6657 signed
by President Cory Aquinoo
The welfare of the landless
farmers and farm workers
will receive the highest
consideration to promote
social justice and to move
the nation toward sound
rural development and
industrialization, and the
establishment of owner
cultivatorship
of economic sized farms as
the basis of Philippine
agriculture.o A more
equitable distribution of
land, with due regards to
the rights of landowners to
just compensation and to
the ecological needs of the
nation, undertaken to
provide farms and farm
workers with the
opportunity to enhance
their dignity and improve
the quality of their lives
through greater productivity
of agriculture lands.o In the
70’s, the Philippines has one
of the highest farm tenancy
rates in Asia.
The Land reform before
1972 A Rice Share Tenancy
Act was passed in 1933 but
the legislation was
circumvented by Landlords
interest and was never
implemented.
1911 and 1400 in 1954 and
1955 established a formula
for crop sharing, promoted
the resettlement of the
public lands, and provided
for the expropriation of land
estates to provide family
size farms for endless
tenants.
In 1963 the Agricultural
Land Reform Code (RA
3844) shifted the emphasis
away from expropriation
and resettlement to a two
stage conversion of share
croppers.
Operation Land Transfer
Department of agrarian
reform, consists of issuing
and distributing certificates
of land transfer and
transferring titles to former
tenants.
he certificate is not deed or
title to the land but merely
verifies that the tenant is
the tiller of the land he
claims to be cultivating
Although the intention in
1972 was to transfer titles
for all 1.5million hectares, in
1974 the government
indicated that tenanted
holding of 7 or fewer
hectares would be
exempted from the land
transfer.
Administrative difficulties
have arisen primarily as the
result of the long delay in
issuing rules and regulations
for the DAR field teams. The
emphasis of the 1972
reforms on the transfer of
ownership highlights the
problem of incomplete
records of land titles and
land
SEARCH LINKS
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• http://www.dswd.gov.ph/about-us/history-ofdswd/#sthash.ayFMsA9q.dpuf
• http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/about_us/brief_history.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Service_Insura
nce_System
• http://www.gsis.gov.ph/
• http://nro6.neda.gov.ph/historical-background/
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499&tbm=isch&oq=+Inflation+in+philippines&gs_l=img.3..0i24.4938
1.62077.0.62569.16.11.0.5.5.0.650.1082.41j1.2.0.msedr...0...1c.1.61.img..9.7.1111.vj4Vnd8iifw&q=Inflation%20
in%20philippines#imgdii=_&imgrc=x5j_rtmox2Mn_M%253A%3B8wt
v0Sz3qYoYpM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fweb0.psa.gov.ph%252Fsit
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• http://ilo.org/employment/lang--en/index.htm
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• http://aer.ph/the-2012-real-business-cycle-of-thephilippines/
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y/philippines_geography_international_trade.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines
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eform_Program
• http://www.slideshare.net/mariz_rose04/chap-14comprehensive-agrarian-reform-program