Transcript bases de thermodynamique

Developing countries
 difficult to define
 countries that are not industrialized
 human development index HDI < 0.8
 group far from uniform
Energy consumption and
income level
Three subsets
 least developed countries, or LDCs
 heavily dependent on the official development assistance
(ODA)
 newly industrialized countries, or NICs
 high GDP growth rates
 other DCs
 set of countries that remains quite heterogeneous but
nevertheless share enough common features
High rate of population growth
 2 % per year against 0.6 % in industrialized
countries
 DCs: very diverse and evolving reality
 internal discrepancies that may be higher than those
that distinguish them from industrialized countries
Dual societies
 modern sector
 quite similar to that of industrialized countries
 elites, big cities
 commercial energy sources, including oil
 traditional sector
 agricultural and pastoral economy
 disinherited masses, rural and city slums
 free and locally available energy (firewood, vegetable
waste, wind, draft animals, etc.)
Non-commercial energy
 67%
 80%
 55%
 32%
 18%
in
in
in
in
in
Africa
sub-Saharan Africa
Asia
China
Latin America
Oil-importing DCs
 more strongly affected than industrialized countries
by the oil shocks
 lack of energy networks  inter-energy substitution
limitations
 oil is the most appropriate energy source
Energy problems of the poorest
 residents of rural areas
 in 2011, 53.5% of the DCs population
 unsufficient rural electrification programs
 cooking largely supported by firewood or charcoal
 poor sanitary conditions
 lighting provided by oil lamps, harmful to health
Energy problems of the poorest
 inhabitants of the cities, including slums
 rather low standard of living
 but access to commercial energy
Firewood crisis
 more than 2.7 billion people use firewood
 1980: over 100 million people lived in areas with a
shortage of firewood
 5% of tropical forests are destroyed every ten years
 annual rate of deforestation: 13 million hectares
 in cities, charcoal preferentially to firewood
 higher heating value
 ease of transport over long distances and of storage
International programs
 increasing the productivity of existing resources
 creating new forests through reforestation programs
 organizing the distribution of firewood
 improving conversion techniques
Inconclusive results
 inadequate programs
 in 1980, the plantations in the Sahel were 32 times lower
than necessary
 considerable socio-cultural difficulties
 disappointing improved stoves
 difficulties to disseminate technological change in
traditional rural societies
 subsistence economy outside the monetized sphere
Substitution by LPG
Commercial energy needs
 transport
 urbanization
 industrialization
 electrification
Transport
 need for mobility
 significant decline of vehicle prices
 almost captive market for oil
 electric vehicles (including motorcycles)
 reduce fuel consumption
 reduce pollution in cities
 master new sectors of a promising technology
Urbanization
 large rural exodus
 since 2008, 50% of the world population
lives in cities (more than 80% in 2030)
 substitution by commercial energy
 air conditioning
Industrialization
 relatively low energy efficiencies
 prerequisite on the path of development
Electrification
 growing much faster than GDP
 major social impact
 lighting
 television (provides a first access to information and
culture)
 possibility of storing medical drugs
 small household appliances
 main obstacle: cost of electrification programs
Characteristics of DCs
 oil crisis
 crisis of traditional fuels
 strong rural component
 industry in building
 lack of infrastructure
 transport heavily dependent on oil