Transcript Integrated Development - Development Foundation

Integrated Human Development
An alternative Indian model of Sustainable Development
A preliminary draft for discussion
1
Overview
• Introduction
• Current Crisis
• Some existing relevant measures
• Roots of the crisis
• Exploring options
• Economic achievements over millennia
• Indian worldview
• Indian concept of development
• Parameters of Development
• Task Ahead
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Introduction
 Today’s socio – political debate revolves around development agenda
 Economic growth forms the core of development action
 Globally, there is a rat race to increase economic growth
 Economic growth has resulted in huge crisis leading to

Depletion of natural resources

Increase catastrophes and threat to food and agriculture

Alarming impacts on society

Assault on cultural diversity
 Paradoxically growth based development has been detrimental to very existence
and survival of life on earth in total
 Hence an urgent need to establishing a holistic and integrated approach to
development
 Ancient Indian society was known to have such model
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Current Crisis
Environmental disaster
 Excess fossil fuel consumption – expected scarcity by 2050
 Natural gas and Coal will be severely scarce commodity by 2080 and 2100
 25% increase in pandemic and epidemic communicable disease in 10 years
 Sea level rise due to polar ice melt would submerge more than 50 islands globally 2050
accounting more than 3.5 million refugees in India and Bangladesh
 Ganga glacier melt – by 2050 would impact more than 4 million people in gangetic delta
 38% of land area is used for agriculture, and sea level rise by 2050 would reduce minimum of
5% of land surface
 Every year 13 million hectares of forest lost globally, adding to climate change and global
warming
 Nearly 17,000 species biodiversity threatened on which more than 1.5 billions of people are
directly dependent for their livelihoods
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Crisis : Food and agriculture
 Globally 1 billion people are under nourished
 40% reduction in global soil productivity - expected chronic food scarcity by
2050
 Depletion in genetic diversity – ex, In India 42000 rice varieties were grown
before green revolution – today fewer than 500 variety grown
 Almost 80% of global fish stock is over exploited by 2009
 40% of the earth will face physical scarcity of fresh water by 2025
 70% freshwater is used for agricultural production in 2007 and More than
30% of fresh water decline is expected by 2025
 Global warming is predicted to reduce 30% wheat and 15% irrigated rice
production by 2050 in developing countries
 Global grain reserve declining steeply since 2000 – lowest in 2009
 Constant increase in landless rural livelihood - accounts 22% in India in 2008
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Impact on Society
 The rich - poor divide has increased from 3:1 in 1820 to 72:1 in 2006 with One third of the
world lives below the poverty line
 1.6 billion people live with vulnerable employment and the poorest 50% of the world’s adult
population receives 1% of global wealth
 Around 9 million children die under the age of 5 due to lack of Medicare, 100 million children
globally are homeless and sleep on streets
 2.6 billion people globally lack access to sanitation
 Globally, 75 million children (55 % girls) with no schooling - 776 million adults (16 % of adult
population) lacked basic literacy skills —two-thirds of whom were women
 In India – divorce doubled in past 10 years with 3.6% increase in crime rate
 In India increase in crime against women by 17% and crime against Children by 10.2%
 Increased urbanization – More than half the globe in cities by 2050 - 33% of urban population
– slum dwellers today
 In India - Cyber fraud increased by 44.9% in one decade of which people under age group 1830 accounted for 61.2% of the offence
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Impact on Culture
 More than 350 million indigenous community, accounting 6% of global
population spread over 72 countries facing threat of extinctions.
 Of around 8000 language spoken globally, over 11.5% (600) of the language
has less than 150 speakers and 95.2% of languages are listed threatened
globally
 Dominance of English as single communicative language is threat to
multilingualism, identity and by 2050 half the world will have single lingua
franca
 Culture Industry – accounts 3.4% of global GDP – economic promotion of
culture
 Annual steady 4% increase in ethnic violence - displacing of over 20 million
people
 3 billion people use disappearing traditional medicine as primary health care
 Homogenization of food consumption – 2 decades there has been 94.5% shift
towards rice and wheat – reduction in crop and food diversity
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Some relevant measures
Important measures of development
 GDP is the principal measure of growth for more than half a century and still
continues to be the dominant indicator
 Only few indicators are known to address issues of happiness, well being and
sustainability
 More than 20 indicators have been used to measure progress
 Sense of incompleteness is prevalent in all the available measures
 Some of the most important ones are
 Human Development Index (HDI)
 Ecological Footprint (EF)
 The Happy Planet Index (HPI)
 Gross National Happiness (GNH)
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
 Considered as measure of progress and economic growth
 The value of output of goods and services produced during one year
 Can be viewed as being national income, national output or aggregate
demand (AD)
 GDP per capita – GDP divided by the population (GDP per head)
 It is only an aggregate monitory measure
 A large set of services are not accounted
 Cannot measure welfare objectives
 Cannot measure natural stock and ecosystem services
 No opportunity to incorporate culture
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Human Development Index (HDI)
 HDI – A socio-economic measure (1990 – World Bank)
 Revised measure in 2010
 Earlier HDIs measured Longevity , Knowledge and Income poverty
 Focus on multiple dimensions of human welfare:
 Health and Education
 Well being and happiness, Multidimensional poverty
 Environmental vulnerability, Living standards
 ICT, Economy
 Infrastructure
 Employment etc..
 Non income HDI
 Robust theory and methodology
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The Happy Planet Index (HPI)
 HPI challenges other well-established indices such as (GDP) and (HDI). (Europe –
Global measure – 2006)
 Built on principles of
 Ecological Sustainability
 Social Justice
 People’s Well-being
 It connects Human system (culture, education, governance, economy, social capital
and health) with Ecosystem (natural capital, water quality, biodiversity, co2
emission, air quality and soil erosion) by controlling resource demands
 Consider ecosystem and human well being as two compelling parts of development
 Measured as a ratio of happy long life (life satisfaction X life expectancy) divided by
resource use (ecological foot print)
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Ecological Footprint(EF)
 EF compares human consumption of natural resources with Earth’s ecological
capacity (biocapacity) to regenerate them. Also called living planet index (LPI) (WWF
– Global Measure – 2006)
 EF measures the amount of ecologically productive land used by individuals, cities,
countries, etc.
 EF believes that production and use of goods and services involve land use: have
ecological footprints
 Measures foot prints of consumption
 Measures inequality in terms of ecosystem functions
 The recent measures concluded following key elements

There is not enough earth to support our current consumption patterns

Thus all poor countries cannot follow the miracle of developed countries

Someone must bear the ecological burden of consumption by the affluent

Our continued over-consumption hits the poor hardest
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Gross National Happiness (GNH)
 It is an attempt to define quality of life in a more holistic and psychological terms
than GNP
 GNH is practiced in Bhutan since 2004 and is based on Buddhist worldview
 GNH believes that material and spiritual development together can constitute
true development
 Four pillars of GNH
 The promotion of equitable and sustainable socio-economic development
 Preservation and promotion of cultural values
 Conservation of the natural environment
 Establishment of good governance
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Roots of the Crisis
Roots of the crisis
 Current practice of “development” is material economy centric,
understood as economic growth
 Economic growth means increase in the production and
consumption of goods and services, which is measured as GDP
 A thinking which is consequence of Western, “modern” worldview
 Human species is superior than all creatures,
 Nature is an infinite resource
 Materialism and consumerism
 Atomizing the individuals
 Nationalizing the families, communities and their functions
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Exploring Options
Option
 Patchwork approach would not resolve the crisis
 The notion of development needs complete transformation
 Alternative could be more than economic growth with
environment, welfare, culture and society finding a place in it
 India flourished as a world leader even on the economic front
for 1700 years and still retained balance with nature and life
 Therefore this worldview could be the basis of Indian approach
to development
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Economic achievements over
millennia
Indian Legacy
 With this world view, Indian spectacular achievements as an economic
superpower is undisputedly established
 Paul Bairoch – Economic Historian – GATT
– Estimated global production for the period of 1700 - 1980
– During 1700 – 1800 - India’s share of global production was 24.5% as opposed to
23.2% produced by entire Europe
 Angus Maddisson – Economic Historian – OECD
– Estimated global GDP and population for the period of 1 CE – 2000 CE – predicted till
2030
– From the 1CE till 1700CE –for 1700 years – India had almost continuously reigned as the
most successful and most powerful economy in the world
– Generating over a fifth to a third of the global output continuously over the millennia
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Distribution of World GDP: 1-2003AD
India
China
Japan
Africa
W.Europe
USA
Former USSR
L.America
World
1
34
32.02
27
25.45
1
1.14
8
7.62
14
13.69
0
0.26
2
1.48
2
2.13
105
1000
34
28.04
27
22.06
3
2.65
14
11.49
11
9.08
1
0.43
3
2.36
5
3.79
120
1500
61
24.35
62
24.87
8
3.1
19
7.8
44
17.78
1
0.32
8
3.4
7
2.93
248
1600
74
22.39
96
28.95
10
2.9
23
7.08
66
19.79
1
0.18
11
3.45
4
1.13
332
1700
91
24.43
83
22.29
15
4.14
26
6.94
81
21.87
1
0.14
16
4.36
6
1.71
371
1820
111
16.04
229
32.91
21
2.99
31
4.5
160
23.01
13
1.81
38
5.42
15
2.15
695
1870
135
12.14
190
17.08
25
2.29
45
4.07
367
33.08
98
8.85
84
7.53
27
2.46
1,111
1913
204
7.47
241
8.83
72
2.62
79
2.91
902
33.01
517
18.93
232
8.5
121
4.42
2,733
1950
222
4.17
245
4.59
161
3.02
203
3.81
1,396
26.18
1,456
27.31
510
9.57
415
7.79
5,332
1973
495
3.09
739
4.61
1,243
7.76
550
3.43
4,097
25.57
3,537
22.07
1,513
9.44
1,389
8.67
16,023
2003
2,267
5.54
6,188
15.12
2,699
6.6
1,322
3.23
7,857
19.2
8,431
20.61
1,552
3.79
3,132
7.66
40,913
First row: Share of GDP in Billion dollars; Second row: Percentage contribution to global GDP
Source: Angus Maddisson, Contours of the World Economy 1-2030AD, Oxford 2007
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Indian Worldview
Indian worldview
 The whole universe is the manifestation of consciousness (Vishwa Chaitanya) at
different levels
 Chiti – Universal integration of souls - Individual to nation creates kinship based society
 Philosophy of Purushartha evolved and instituted a model of duty centric socioeconomic order
 Purusharthic life: worshiping wealth (Artha) and pleasure (Kama) subjected to the code
of ethics (Dharma) leading to eternal bliss (Moksha)
 Purushartha – acquiring wealth as duty with a sense of detachment leading to wealth
multiplied and not wasted needlessly.
 Tenets of Dharma – freedom (Swatantrya), truth(Satya), non-violence (Ahimsa), helping
others (Paropakara), charity (Dana), sacrifice (Tyaga)
 Belief that all wealth belongs to god and not be used for ones own enjoyment - restrain
hyper consumption, increases savings for future generations and preserve environment
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Indian worldview
 Relational approach with recognition of
“organic connectivity” of
individual, family, community, society, nation, the world and finally to
entire creation at various levels
 All units are interdependent, integrated, self motivated, self propelled and
self regulated
 Relationship based society with Duties and rights integrated, acts as social
security and safety net.
 Like family with the individual as its inseparable part take care of elders,
infirm, unemployed, disabled and others
 These civilizational resources and social capital has a perennial advantage
to future socioeconomic growth and power
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Indian concept of development
Integrated Human development (IHD)
 Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah,Sarve Santu Niramayaah, Sarve Bhadrani Pasyantu, Maa
Kaschid-Dukha-Bhag-Bhavet. - Ensuring “Sukha (happiness) and Hita (well being)”
to all
 Durable and non-conflicting happiness
 Ensuring physical and emotional well being
 Increasing satisfaction of life
 Expanding freedom and capabilities
 Wealth creation with moderate consumption and Savings orientation which is
environmentally sustainable
 Duties and rights integration
 Decentralization through enriching and empowering civilizational infrastructure
and social capital (Family, community, society and so on)
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Parameters of development
Parameters of IHD
Physical
Human
Political
Natural
Social
Cultural
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Task Ahead
Our Objectives
Currently Development Foundation is engaged in following projects
1.
2.
3.
4.
Synthesizing the Indian worldview and its philosophical basis
Deriving principles to establish a sustainable socio-economic order
based on Indian worldview
Creating a new understanding Indian social theory and
Reconstructing Indian Economic Thought
In the long run Foundation intends
1.
2.
3.
To define the concept of development based on Indian Ethos
To establish a theory based solutions to current development crisis
To build policy research and advocacy group to promote Indian
model of development nationally and internationally
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It is a long journey
Quest has just begun
we need your suggestions
and cooperation
Our Team
Sl. No
Name
Profession
Place of work
1
Sri. M. P. Kumar
CEO and Chairman
Global Edge software Pvt. Ltd.
Bangalore
2
Dr. K. V. Raju
Professor of Economics
Institute of Social and Economic
Change - Bangalore
3
Dr. Shamasundar
CEO
ProSIM R&D Pvt. Ltd. Bangalore
4
Dr. Vaman Acharya
Managing Trustee
Samagra Vikas - Bangalore
5
Dr. K. B. Akhilesh
Professor of management
Department of management studies –
IISc, Bangalore
6
Dr. Vinayachandra
Sanskrit Scholar
SVYASA – University Bangalore
7
Smt. Ashwini. B. Desai
Adjunct Fellow
Development Foundation
8
Sri. Harish Kumara. B. K
Research Associate
Development Foundation
9
Sri. M. S. Chaitra
Fellow
Development Foundation
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