Transcript Immigrants

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(? př. n. l.)
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(6. st. př. n. l.)
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(13.–14. st.)
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(19. st.)
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(19. –20. st.)
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(20. –21. st.)
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Immigration Economies:
Demographic Threats Turned into
Opportunities
African and American lessons to be
learned?
Karel Helman, SVŠES, Praha
Migration typology
Destination country
Pull factors
Immigrants
EXPATRIATES / ÉMIGRÉS
Voluntary displacement
(personally-/socially-/economically-induced)
REFUGEES / EXILES
Forced displacement
(persecution-/violence-/environmentally-induced)
Emigrants
Push factors
Country of origin
Edward Said: Reflections on Exile (1984)
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Forced displacement
37.5m (2004)
51.2m (2013)
59.5m (2014)
38.2m Internally Displaced
Persons
most of them in Syria
Colombia
Iraq
Democratic Republic of Congo
Sudan
19.5m refugees
from Palestine
Syria
Iraq
Somalia
Sudan
in Jordan
Pakistan
Lebanon
Turkey
(8) Germany
1.8m asylum claimants
in SAR
Germany
U.S.
Turkey
Sweden
UNHCR, June 2015
http://unhcr.org/556725e69.html
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Net migration
M = I – E (migrants/1,000 population per year)
2014
IndexMundi 2014 est. (data for Serbia and Kosovo not available)
http://www.indexmundi.com/g/g.aspx?v=27&c=le&l=en
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Protracted urban displacement
TIME
• extended protractedness
(80 % of refugee crises lasting for more than 10 years)
PLACE
• urban integration
(59 % of all IDPs and refugees living in city/town settlements)
Protracted displacement: uncertain paths to self-reliance in exile, HPG/IDMC, Sept. 2015
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Two case studies
Kampala, Uganda
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
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runs UNHCR/IOM/UNICEF-assisted prgs.
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runs federal- and municipal-assisted prgs.
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hosts 2nd largest refugee
community (24% in 2012)
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hosts one of the fastest-growing
immigrant communities
– foreign-born residents (Congolese, Somalis,
Burundians, Eritreans, Rwandans, Ethiopians,
Sudanese) making up 29 % of Kampala population
– foreign-born population (Mexican labour migrants;
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Humanitarian Innovation Project
– run by Oxford University’s Refugees Studies
Centre (2014) among Kampala-based refugees
Iraqi [Kurdish], Burmese, Bhutanese, Somali, Cuban,
Iranian, Congolese, Sudanese, Eritrean, Ethiopian)
having increased by 86 % (2000-2012)
“Welcoming Nashville” project
– survey run by Area Chamber of Commerce
Reasearch Center (2015) among local business and
community leaders
http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e483c06.html, https://www.google.cz/maps/@35.7469228,-90.4700919,6z
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A burden or an asset? (1)
Common misconceptions suggest…
Field research proves…
…refugees are economically and technologically…
ISOLATED
HOMOGENEOUS
DEPENDENT
PASSIVE
ILLITERATE
×
×
×
×
×
INTEGRATED
DIVERSE
INDEPENDENT
ACTIVE
LITERATE
Refugee Economies: Rethinking Popular Assumptions (2014)
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Alexander Betts, director of Oxford University’s Humanitarian Innovation Project
A considerable number of Ugandan businesses rely
heavily on refugees as suppliers, customers,
distributors, and employees. … [W]e encountered
many examples of refugees contributing to Uganda’s
local and national economies, whether buying,
selling, or even training and employing Ugandan
nationals.
Kiflu Hussain, an Ethiopian refugee resident in Kampala since January 2007
Both as a refugee and researcher for HIP, I have
witnessed refugees' resilience and abilities to restart
their lives from scratch despite their often traumatic
pasts.
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A burden or an asset? (2)
Economic gains
• increased production / innovation [highly
valued by 70 % of local business and community leaders
interviewed]
• skills / expertise / entrepreneurship [71 %]
Community life contribution
• cultural / educational / language diversity
[77 %]
Welcoming Nashville: Perspectives and Trends (2015)
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Barack Obama, in his speech delivered at an immigrant
community centre Casa Azafran in South Nashville, 10 Nov. 2014
We welcome strivers, we welcome dream makers
from all over the world. It keeps us young, it keeps us
striving, and pushing the boundaries of what's
possible.
“New Nashvillians“ are “us”. … They work as teachers
in our schools, doctors in our hospitals, police officers
in our neighborhoods. They start small businesses at
a faster rate than many native-born Americans. They
create jobs making this city more prosperous, and
a more innovative place.
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A burden or an asset? (3)
contribute in TAXES
> WELFARE they receive
net benefit (immigration surplus) accruing to natives
(e.g. 0.2-2.2% of U.S. GDP)
modest increase in GDP
cause
slight decline in low-skilled workers’ wages
and employment
increase the workforce
(47 % [U.S.] , 70 % [Europe]; 2004-2014)
Overall, BENEFITS of immigration outweigh its COSTS
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Help them help themselves
IMMIGRANTS[’]
in need of
livelihood
assistance
accommodation
asylum…
benefit from
…jobs / laws / services / funds…
contribute to
capacities
access to
employment
education
microcredit
internet…
HOST COUNTRY[’s]
vulnerabilities
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Refugee policies rethought
From…
To…
encampment-oriented
livelihood-dependent
aid-reliant
self-settlement-oriented
self-sufficient
self-reliant
big-budget
segregation-prone
cost-effective
pro-integration
…strategies
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-24583286
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1
2
Adam a Eva
Pythagoras
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B Jan Amos
Praotec Čech
3 Dante
Alighieri
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Komenský Tomáš Baťa jr.
4 Karel
Marx
D Madelaine
Albrightová
5 Albert
Einstein
E Martina
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Dalajláma
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Navrátilová Karel Kryl
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Thank you for listening
and watching
Feedback and questions welcome:
[email protected]
Slide design and animation courtesy of Mrs. Jarmila Helmanová