Transcript chapter 24 notes

The Crisis of European Culture
1871-1914
Chapter 24
European Economy
Industrialization and
urbanization typified
the economy of
Europe between 1870
and 1914
Rural economy
became systematic of
retarded social growth
Monarchical
government losing
influence
Rise of political
parties
Only women remained
outside the arena of
political action
Regulating Boom and Bust
1873-1895 European
economy suffered
from economic
depression “Great
Depression”
It was followed by a
boom period in 18951914
Radical swings
convinced government
of the necessity of
regulating business
cycles of boom and bust
Application of science
and technology to
industrial production
required huge amounts
of capital…could not
survive bust periods as
before (petroleum and
electricity)
Regulating Boom and Bust
Capital had to be
obtained: financial
institutions
Bankers unwilling to
risk enormous
investments in
industrialization unless
some of the worst
aspects of the business
cycle were controlled
Businesses formed
cartels: groups of
firms that cooperated
to fix prices
Banks formed groups
to fix interest rates:
consortia
States again returned
to protective tariffs to
protect domestic
industries
Tariffs divided
Europe: industrialized
N/W and agricultural
S/E
Model of an idealized business Cycle
GDP=gross domestic product
Peak or
boom
prosperity
Expansion or
Recovery
Expansion or
Recovery
Contraction or
recession
growth
slowdown
Peak or
boom
Contraction
or recession
growth
slowdown
trough
Lowest pt.
Recession: part of the business cycle in which the nation’s output (GDP) does not grow
for at least 6 months
depression: major slowdown of economic activity
Trough: lowest part of the business cycle in which the downward spiral of the economy
levels off
Expansion/ recovery: part of the business cycle in which economic activity slowly
increases
Boom/Bust
“In economics, the term boom and bust refers to the movement
of an economy through economic cycles due to changes in
aggregate demand. During booms, there is a high level of
aggregate demand, inflation increases, unemployment falls, and
growth in national income accelerates. During busts, or
recessions, when aggregate demand is low, inflation decreases,
unemployment rises and national income falls. In extreme
recessions deflation (a sustained fall in the general price level)
may occur.”
wikipedia
Business Activity in the U.S.
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960
Business Activity in the U.S.
Booms:
1880: gold resumption
prosperity
1890: Railroad prosperity
1895: Recovery
1910: Corporate
Prosperity
1915: WWI
1925: New Era Prosperity
1945: Bull Market Boom
Busts:
1894: Depression
1894: Bering Crisis Panic
of 1983
1905: Silver Campaign
Depression
1913: Rich Man’s Panic
1921: Primary Postwar
Depression
1931-1942: Secondary
Postwar Depression
1947: Reconversion
Challenging Liberal England
Parliamentary politics
saved England from a
revolution
Wages stagnated while
prices continued to
rise
Response of workers
was to depend more
on trade unions for
political influence
Keir Hardie launched
a political experiment:
Labour party
Attempted to get trade
unions to support
working class
candidates for
Parliament over
traditional political
elites of the
Conservative or
Liberal parties
James Keir Hardie
Hardie grew up in poverty and
was taught how to read using
scraps of newspapers his
mother found. He taught
himself how to write
Hardie began work as a Scottish
miner. He read about trade
unions in the papers and set one
up where he worked in 1880.
He was blacklisted and was
forced to move to find work.
Hardie originally supported the
Liberal Party, but didn’t agree
with William Gladstone’s
economic policies and felt the
party wouldn’t really represent
the workers. He then became a
socialist.
In 1900, Hardie organized
various trade unions and
socialist groups to form a
Labour Representation
Committee, and so the Labour
Party was born
Challenging Liberal England
By 1906 Labour party had
29 seats
Fabians supported the
Labour party-under
leadership of Webbs,
Shaw, and H.G. Wells
The Fabian Society is a
British socialist
intellectual movement,
whose purpose is to
advance the socialist cause
by gradualist and
reformist, rather than
revolutionary, means
Labour party had
intellectuals who joined
with unionists
In response to Labour
party the Liberals had to
make legislative reforms:
National Insurance Act
1911: payments for
unemployment and
sickness and Parliament
Bill of 1911: reduced
house of Lords
(Conservative body)
Meant House of
Commons could raise
taxes for new programs
for workers and poor
Webb identified herself as a Cooperative Federalist; a school of
thought which advocates Consumer
Co-operative societies. Webb argued
that Consumers' Co-operatives should
form co-operative wholesale societies
(by forming Co-operatives in which
all members are co-operatives) and
that these Federal Co-operatives
should undertake purchasing farms or
factories
awarded both a Nobel Prize
and an Oscar
Shaw spoke and marched in
the Bloody Sunday
demonstrations that ended
up as a riot in Trafalgar
Square
Extraparliamentary Protest
Although there was
more legislation
dealing with worker’s
rights and unions,
protests and strikes
actually grew during
this time
This high strike rate
was due to the distrust
of Parliament by
workers
1913 Trade Unions
Act passed-granted
unions the right to
settle their grievances
with management
directly
Outbreak of WWI in
1914 ended strikes
Bloody Sunday
In 1887, campaigners,
helped organize a rent
strike at the estate of Lady
Kingston near
Mitchelstown. On
September 9, three estate
tenants were shot dead and
others wounded, by police
at the town's courthouse
where MP William
O'Brien was brought for
trial with charges of
incitement; this event
became known as the
Mitchelstown Massacre
November 1887demonstration led in
Trafalgar Square against the
coercion in Ireland. 10,000
demonstrators demanded the
release of William O’Brien.
Two thousand police and
400 troops were deployed to
halt the demonstration, in the
ensuing clashes many people
were so badly beaten they
required hospital treatment
Trafalgar Square is a
square in northern London
that commemorates the
Battle of Trafalgar (1805), a
British naval victory of the
Napoleonic Wars.
Trafalgar Square
Trafalgar Square, 1908.
Bloody Sunday
Political Struggles in Germany
Otto von Bismarck
restricted emergence
of fully democratic
participation in
Germany by
restricting the powers
of Reichstag
(Parliament)
Objective: successful
unification of
Germany
Collaborated with
liberal parties on: legal
codes, monetary and
banking, judicial
system, and RR
Kulturkampf: antichurch campaign
launched in 1872authority of the
Church in competition
to that of the nationstate
Political Struggles in Germany
Led to the Catholic
Center Party
increasing in numbers
in Parliament-stopped
campaign upon
succession of next
pope (Leo XIII)
Bismarck also against
the Social Democratic
Party (committed to a
Marxist critique of
capitalism)
Largest Marxist Party
in the world and by
1914 largest party in
Germany
Bismarck felt the party
was a threat to the
stability of Germany
1878 passed AntiSocialist Laws
1890: Social
Democratic Party
captured 20% of the
seats in Parliament
Political Struggles in Germany
1890: Bismarck no
longer had control
over the Reichstag and
the S.D.P. increased its
powers
Bismarck dismissed in
March 1890
Favored gradual
socialist reforms
Revisionism (Eduard
Bernstein) and the
Fabian state
Success of the left or
S.D.P. meant a strong
alliance with the right or
conservatives
Reichstag failed to defy
absolute authority of the
Emperor (Wilhelm II)
despite constitutional
reforms
Germany ruled by
authoritarianism, in
which groups only
exercised influence over
emperor
Eduard
Bernstein
Emperor
Wilhelm II
Reichstag building
The Reichstag fire in
1933 was used by the
Nazi party as a pretext
to take over the
Government
completely
France and Mass Politics
Third Republic was
the offspring of the
Franco-Prussian war/
defeat of Napoleon III/
and bloody
suppression of the
Paris commune
1880-1914 creation of
a mass culture
1885 Compulsory
Education:
Reading/Writing/Arithm
etic/Civics
1 language (local
dialects weeded out)
Increase in
transportation: RR/
roads
Common symbols of the
country: Marianne
Increase in patriotism
France: Boulanger Affair
General captured the
country and much
popular support: war
hero and super-patriot
Conservatives and big
money backed his ploy
to restore the monarchy
and replace power back
into only executive
hands
1889 built strong
enough support to
threaten the Third
Republic
He won the deputy of
Paris post and from
there began to plan his
coup
Government found out
about his activities and
charged him with
treason
Fled country in sea of
treason reports
He united the right wing
movement in France
Boulanger
General Georges
Boulanger
committed suicide
in the Ixelles
Cemetery, Brussels
in September 1891.
France: Dreyfus Affair 1894
Foreign, Jewish army
officer accused of
selling military secrets
to Germans
Convicted: antiSemitism
Found that illegal and
outright falsifications
had been made in
order to achieve
conviction
Country divided over
the scandal
Exonerated in 1905
Both demonstrate the
major role of the press
in shaping and
channeling public
opinion
Defeating Liberalism in Austria
Constitutional
monarchy dominated
by capitalist middle
class
Bourgeois limited role
due to partnership and
dependence on the
Habsburg emperors
1900 Liberalism
losing support
Replaced by more
conservative groups
Unhappy with
capitalist leadership
{anti-Semitism, anticapitalism, superpatriotism}
Jews became ID as
capitalists and enemies
of the masses
(common foe)
Women and Politics
Remained outside
political arena, grossly
underpaid, limited
legal rights, no right to
public education
1878 1st international
feminist meeting in
Paris
Feminist: believed
men and women were
equal and should
enjoy equal rights
Many men were also
feminists
Agendas: vote,
economic equality, and
social and legal
reforms
Women and Politics
Black Friday: Nov. 18,
1910 England-women
marched to Parliament in
protest of the refusal of
women to have the right to
vote
Women told to leave,
refused and were beaten
and arrested by London
police (bobbies)
Three Conciliation bills were
put before the House of
Commons, one each year in
1910,1911 and in 1912 which
would extend the right of
women to vote in the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland to around 1,000,000
wealthy, property-owning
women
Showed that women
were militant
(suffragettes)
Emmeline Pankhurst:
leader of movement in
Great Britain: WSPU
(women’s social and
political union)
She was arrested and
did experience forcefeeding after going on
hunger strike on
various occasions
Pankhurst and
Pankhurst being
arrested and carried
away by a police
officer in NY
Women and Politics
Pankhurst encouraged
destruction of property
to highlight violence
done to women by
denying them the vote
Votes:
1918 England
1918 Germany
1920 America
1945 France
Jewish Question and Zionism
Anti-Semitism-hatred
of Jews was strong
Scapegoats for high
rates of unemployment
and high prices that
seemed to follow in
their migration
Also as capitalists who
controlled powerful
institutions making
life hard for everyone
Russia-most severe:
after assassination of
Tsar Alexander II there
were organized
massacres of Jews
called pogroms
Zionism: Theodor
Herzel-Jews needed
own nation (Palestine)
Zionism was not
achieved until Israel
was recognized in
1948
Theodor Herzel
“He became the leading spokesman for
Zionism. It is widely believed that Herzl
was motivated by the Dreyfus Affair, a
notorious anti-Semitic incident in France in
which a French Jewish army captain was
falsely convicted of spying for Germany.
Herzl had been covering the trial of Dreyfus
for an Austro-Hungarian newspaper. He also
witnessed mass rallies in Paris right after the
Dreyfus trial where many chanted "Death
To The Jews!"; this apparently convinced
him that it was futile to try to "combat" antiSemitism. In June, 1895, in his diary, he
wrote: "In Paris, as I have said, I achieved a
freer attitude toward anti-Semitism, which I
now began to understand historically and to
pardon. Above all, I recognized the
emptiness and futility of trying to 'combat'
anti-Semitism."
-Wikipedia-
Workers and Minorities on the
Margins
1892 Parisian trial of
bomb throwing
anarchist named
Ravachol
Believed in total
rejection of the
political system
Negative towards
mass political
organizations just as
liberal institutions
Russia: Bakuninleading anarchist
theorist-followed
Prince Kropotkin:
anarchy and socialismcompetition and
dominance were not
laws of nature
More popular form of
political action in less
industrialized states
Ravachol
(1859-1892), was a
French anarchist best
known for terrorism.
He died by the
guillotine July 11,
1892 at Montbrison.
Mikhail
Alexandrovich
Bakunin
(1814–1876) was a
well-known Russian
revolutionary, and
often considered
one of the “fathers
of modern
Prince
Kropotkin
"the Anarchist Prince“: was
one of Russia's foremost
anarchists and one of the
first advocates of what he
called "anarchist
communism": the model of
society he advocated for
most of his life was that of
a communalist society free
from central government
Science and New Consciousness
New discoveries
reshaped the known
world between 18701914 and challenged
traditional beliefs
Age of scientific
discoveries:
electromagnetism, Xray, visible light, radio
waves, chemical
elements, quantum
physics, theory of
relativity, biological
ID of microorganisms
Marie / Pierre Curie
Albert Einstein
Max Planck
Niels Bohr
James Clerk Maxwell
Gregor Mendel
Louis Pasteur
Rudolf Virchow
Maria Skłodowska- Pierre Curie
Curie
Louis Pasteur in his laboratory,
painting by A. Edelfeldt in
1885
Rudolf Ludwig Karl
Virchow
Young Albert before the Einsteins
moved from Germany to Italy
1905
Max Planck presents Einstein
with the Max-Planck medal,
Berlin June 28 1929
Einstein and Niels Bohr sparred over
quantum theory during the 1920s.
Photo taken by Paul Ehrenfest during
their visit to Leiden in December
1925
Establishing Social Sciences
Scientific method was
applied to social
sciences as well:
history, economics,
archaeology,
sociology, psychology,
and criminology
Pavlov: psychologist
who held experiments
in conditioning dogs
: psychologist who
began probing into the
human
unconsciousnesspeered into this aspect
of the mind by use of
hypnosis
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
Иван Петрович
Павлов
One of Pavlov’s Dogs, Pavlov Museum,
2005
Food (U.C.S.) => Salivation (U.C.R.) Natural
response.
Bell (N.S.) + Food (U.C.S.) => Salivation (U.C.R.)
After repeating the pairing a few times.
Bell (C.S.) => Salivation (C.R.) Learning occurs.
Notice how the response never changes.
Sigmund Freud
Austrian
“the father of
psychoanalysis”
New Women and New
Consciousness
In response to scientific
subjection: men were
better/ more advanced
than women both
physically and mentally
New Woman:
challenged these ideas
of subjection
Wanted equality and
independence while
smashing the domestic
image of a “good”
women
Birth control major issue:
gave women control
over fertility and thus
became more powerful
while emerging as
sexual beings equal to
men
-response by state:
repression-arrest women
disseminating fertility
information
New Consumption
Tolstoy “Money is a
new form of slavery”
Peasant freed from the
land entangled in a
web of financial
obligation
Social status tied to
leisure activitieswomen’s clothing
(corset) showed they
didn’t have to work
and therefore where of
a high social class
Middle/ Upper class:
resorts
Increased benefit of the
lower class gave them
ability to participate in
leisure activities
Rise of pubs, vaudeville,
music halls, cinemas,
and striptease (lower)
Rise of organized sports
(Olympics 1894/ Tour
de France)
Corset, Paris, 1905
Woman having her corset laced tight, from
an 1899 stereoscope card
From newspaper promotional for
vaudeville character actor Charles E.
Grapewin
A thatched pub (The Williams Arms) at Wrafton, near
Braunton, North Devon, England
"Quo sursum volo
videre" - Where I want
to look further. Latin
pub inscription