Transcript Slide 1 - World Bank

Sarosh Sattar
November 28, 2011
Europe and Central Asia Region
The World Bank
Outline
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Motivation and Objective
Economic context
Education
Labor market outcomes
Entrepreneurship
Concluding remarks
Motivation and Objective

Motivation
 Rapid
growth, so who was benefiting?
 Big crisis, so who was hurt?

Objective
 Do
women and men have comparable outcomes in key
economic spheres in ECA?
 If not, what are the potential sources of the
differences?
Motivation: The Economic Context
Economic growth, Sectoral contributions, and Demographic profile
ECA economic growth was robust
300
EAP
250
GDP, Index 1999=100
ECA grew
robustly
compared to
LAC and the
world
average.
ECA
ECA grew well above
the global average
LAC
200
World
150
100
50
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
The ascendance of the services sector
30
ECA experienced
the largest
structural shift in
GDP
25
20
in %age point change, 1999-2009
Globally, the
importance of
services
sectors grew
in GDP while
the share of
agriculture
and services
shrank
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
ECA
LAC
Agriculture
EU15
Industry
Services
World
ECA’s population is older and aging
80
70
70
Share of population, in percent
Though ECA ‘s
population
currently is
more in their
prime age
years, it is
because of
fewer
children.
ECA has
comparitively few
children and this
will continue given
low fertility
60
50
66
40
27
30
20
19
11
8
10
0
ECA
Ages 0-14
World
Ages 15-64
Ages 65+
Human Capital
Academic performance, School enrollments, and Fields of study
Small enrollment gender gaps in ECA
male-female net enrollment rates, in %age
points
The gender
gap in ECA is
minimal and
comparable
to high income
OECD
countries.
12
10
Primary
8
Secondary
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
ECA
LAC
High-income
OECD
World
International comparison of academic
performance, 2009
Gender Parity
Average male / female scores, in %
The gender
gap in
academic
performance
is small and
on average
girls do better
than boys
105
100
95
90
85
80
Reading
Math
ECA
OECD
Science
More women than men go to university
90
80
gross enrollment rates, in %
Women’s
gross tertiary
enrollment
rates exceed
those of men
– and higher
incomes will
only
accentuate
this inequality.
Female
70
Male
60
50
40
30
20
10
ECA
High-income
OECD
LAC
EAP
World
Fields of study
30
25
in % of total student body
With the
exception of
sciences and
engineering,
female
students out
numbered
male students
in other fields.
Female
Male
20
15
10
5
Science &
Engineering
Social Sciences, Education, Health,
Business, Law and
Welfare
Arts
Other
Labor market outcomes
ECA’s labor force participation rates
90
labor force participation,
in % of population (15-64 yrs)
Globally
there is a
gender gap.
ECA’s female
and male
labor force
participation
rates are well
below the
high income
OECD
averages
100
High income OECD averages,
by gender
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Female
ECA
EAP
Male
LAC
MNA
SSA
SAS
Labor force participation rates were
stagnant
ECA’s
participation
rates stayed
stagnant
despite high
economic
growth .
change in LFP, 1999-2009 (in %age points)
6
5
4
3
Female
ECA saw
minimal
change in
labor force
participation
Male
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
ECA
EAP
LAC
MNA
SSA
SAS
OECD
Employment by sector in ECA, 2008
employees as % of total employment by sex
The majority
of women
employees
are in the
services sector
which is the
growing
sector of the
economy.
70
60
66% of
women work
in services
Agriculture
Industry
Services
50
40
30
20
10
Female
Male
Number of jobs lost or gained by
sector, 1999-2008
20
Male
15
Female
10
in millions
Though men
and women
gained more
or less an
equal number
of the new
jobs over the
last decade,
women’s gains
were almost
all in the
services
sector.
25
5
0
-5
-10
-15
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Occupations by gender
in percent of employed, by gender
Women
disproportionately pursue
professional &
technical jobs
compared to
men.
45
40
39% of women
are professionals
or technicians
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
Men
Professionals & technicians
Service workers
Women
Admin personnel
Machine operators
Raw gender wage gap
45
41
40
36
35
29
30
24
25
20
19
15
10
5
W. Balkans
S. Caucuses
Russia+
Central Asia
-
EU10
The gender
wage gap is
large.
Moreover,
once
corrected for
human capital
it is very
larger.
Gender Gap in time use
(in number of hours per day)
Women in
ECA are
involved more
in domestic
activities than
men and less
than
ECA
OECD
4.0
2.9
3.0
2.1
2.0
1.0
0.7
0.0 0.1
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-0.9
-1.9
-1.7
-3.0
Work
Domestic Activities
Freetime
Other
Relatively few young children in ECA are in
childcare
Enrolment Rate of Children aged under 3, per
100 Children
Formal
childcare in
ECA is not
prevalent
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
ECA
EU
Relatively few young children in ECA are in
childcare
ECA
OECD
100
female labor force
(in % of women with children)
In ECA,
women with
children
decrease their
participation
in the labor
force
significantly
78
80
75
71
72
62
57
56
60
42
40
20
0
0
1
2
Number of children
3 or more
Entrepreneurship
New business
activity is low
in ECA
compared to
other regions
of the world
5
Tajikistan
Poland
BiH
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Belarus
Albania
Turkey
Montenegro
Azerbaijan
Kyrgyz Rep
Armenia
Moldova
Serbia
Lithuania
Georgia
Croatia
Kazakhstan
Russian Fed.
Czech Republic
Romania
Slovak Rep
Slovenia
Latvia
Macedonia, FYR
Hungary
Bulgaria
Estonia
New registerations per 1000 persons, 15-64 years
Business activity is relatively modest
9
8
7
6
ECA Average
4
3
2
1
-
Women employers
Yet, the
gender gap is
still large
in % of employed, by sex
8
7
female
6
male
5
4
3
2
1
0
Female firm ownership by sector
Female ownership in % of firms by sector
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Plastics
Electronics
IT
Construction
Retail
Garments
Women participate in the private sector but are
poorly represented in key roles
This is for
registered
firms with 5 or
more
employees
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
% of Firms With
% of Full Time
% of Female
Female Participation Female Workers* Permanent Full-time
in Ownership
Non-production
Workers *
% of Firms With
Female Top
Manager
Some findings about female owned firms
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They are smaller in size whether in
terms of sales revenues or employees
Women-owned firms concentrate in
different sectors than male-owned firms.
Female-owned firms are as profitable
as male owned firms holding firm
characteristics constant.
Female owned firms pay a slightly
higher interest rate than men (0.6%).
Concluding remarks
Overarching messages
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Europe and Central Asia’s gender
advantage is eroding and the rest of the
world is catching up rapidly.
The last decade opened up opportunities
for women and took away some for men,
but occupational segregation and wage
disparities hinder women’s progress.
The demographic transition has large and
different implications for men and women
in many areas including pensions and labor
markets.