Transcript Presentation 1

We can not solve the problems that we have created
with the same thinking that created them
--Albert Einstein
AN ODYSSEY TO SUSTAINABILITY:
THE URBAN ARCHIPELAGO OF INDIA
B. Sudhakara Reddy
Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Mumbai, India
Rural Vs. Urban societies
Rural
 We
 Associated with traditions, superstitions,
Urban


agriculture, and lower technology
 In rural economy risks are associated with
nature (e.g., Plague, famine, earth quakes)
 Personalised, local and visible
 Consequences can be addressed and


overcome
 Helplessness
 Driving force – I am hungry
 Scarcity (community need)




I
Associated with market economy. Complex,
largely self-organizing, show extraordinary
resilience
Risks are the consequences of human
activity (e.g., Ecological risks)
Globalised and can not be easily
containable. No time/place limit, not
accountable, compensated or insured
Blind and deaf to consequences and
dangers
social distance
Driving Force – I am afraid
Insecurity (Individual anxiety)
Urban society differs from rural in terms
of acts, attitudes, and behaviors
Urban Scenario:
Developed vs. Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Developing Countries
 Megacities have long been large cities  Explosion of megacities results from population
growth as well as the process of migration
(economic as well as sociological reasons)
and the growth has been much more slow
and regular
 Enthusiasm among planners to protect

Tendency to promote development at the cost of
natural destruction

Focus on private transport
natural environment
 Focus on public transport

 “Growth vs. envt." dichotomy collapses under the
"economy" banner often differing interests of
Goals of economic growth, equity and
workers, corporations, and the general public
employment generation
 Believe in science and the domination of  Irrational behaviors, conservatism, traditions, can
religion decreases, give importance to
arts and aesthetics
be seen in cities easily.
 Urbanites are aware of being citizen and  Participation into constructive activities is limited.
take role in community activities
Cities in Developed countries are smarter, greener and healthier.
The opposite is true for the cities of Developing countries
Urban Transitions
•
•
Agriculture
Labour intensive
Industry and service sector
•
Community
Society
•
Urbanization
Geographical enlargement, rise of population density,
and improvement of transportation, communication and
other infrastructure facilities.
•
From the center to the outskirts, cities get wider and wider as rings
•
•
Center ring
Second ring
Business and trade centers
Lower class people, criminals, working class, lower
quality buildings and cheaper dwellings
•
•
Third ring
Later suburb rings takes place
Neighbourhoods of middle class
•
Urbanization and modernization is a linear and western way of development. American type of urbanisation
became the main development road for the developing countries.
Technology intensive
Urban society becomes an issue and a problem to itself and act to
change itself
Planner's Trilemma
Distribution of Resources
Social System
(Equity, opportunity and equality)
Urban sustainability
Economic System
(Growth and Efficiency)
Production and Consumption
Environmental System
(environmental protection)
Resources and wastes
Three conflicting interests: to "grow" the economy, “distribute” this growth fairly,
and in the process “not degrade” the ecosystem
Megacities and large urban
Agglomerations (1950-2015)
1950
City size
1980
2005
2015
Mega
cities
LUAs
Mega
cities
LUAs
Mega
cities
LUAs
Mega
cities
LUAs
Population (million)
% of urban population
% of total population
2
23.6
3.2
0.9
8
58.4
8
2.3
5
81
4.7
1.8
26
240
13.8
5.4
20
292
9.2
4.5
49
488
15.4
7.6
22
358
9.3
5
59
615
16
8.6
Cities (Developed countries)
2
6
2
10
5
14
6
16
Population (million)
% of urban population
% of total population
23.6
5.5
2.9
48
11.3
5.9
44.2
5.9
4.1
10.7.2
14.3
9.9
88
9.7
7.3
147
16.2
12.2
101
10.6
8.2
163
17.2
13.3
Cities (Developing countries)
2
3
16
15
35
16
43
Population (million)
% of urban population
% of total population
10.4
3.4
0.6
37
3.7
1.1
133
13.4
4
204
9
3.9
341
15
6.5
257
8.9
4.3
452
15.6
7.6
Cities (Least Developed
countries)
1
2
1
4
Population (million)
% of urban population
% of total population
12.6
6.1
1.7
18.3
8.8
2.5
17.9
5.7
1.9
37.2
11.8
3.9
World cities
City Characteristics
jj
Megacities (>10 million inhabitants)
Urbanisation Scenario in India
1500
Total
Urban
1350 M
1200
900
600
330 M
300
50 M (16%)
0
1947
285.35
217.61
(27.78%)
(25.71%)
361
430 459 M
(32%) (34%)
62(17%)
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2015
2021
Mega Cities and Urban Agglomerations
80
No. of Cities/Agglomerations with more than 1 Million Population
60
40
58
35
20
0
70
(38%)
23
5
1951
(35.0 % )
9
1971
1991
2001
No. of Class-I Cities(> 1 million)
:
% of Urban Population
:
% of total population
12%
:
2015
58 (2015)
35%
2021
Mega Cities and Urban Agglomerations
(2015)
Category
City
Mega - 10 Million+
(3)
Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Kolkata,
Large - 5 – 10 Million (6)
Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune,
Surat
Medium - 3 - 5 Million
(3)
Kanpur, Jaipur, Lucknow
Small - 1 – 3 Million (46)
Nagpur, Patna, Indore, Vadodara, Bhopal, Coimbatore,
Ludhiana, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Agra, Varanasi,
Madurai, Meerut, Nashik, Jabalpur, Jamshedpur,
Asansol, Dhanbad, Faridabad, Allahabad, Amritsar,
Vijayawada, Rajkot
Urban Growth and Sustainability
Five major trends
(i) Proportion of global population living in urban areas is increasing
(ii) Number and size of urban areas in Asia, in particular, in China and
India, are mushrooming
Megacities, hypercities
(iii) Increase in resource use and wastes
(iv) Asymmetric patterns (Urban and rural, and in urban different
income groups)
(v) Poverty is becoming urbanized (Cities don’t make people poor; they
attract poor people)
The explosion of megacities
●
Natural increase (birth rates higher than death rates)
●
Migration
Push factors
Pull factors

Expanding city limits

Shifting economic activity to cities: Industrial protection, cheap credit, and subsidized local
services
●
The largest city/national capital is becoming a megacity
●
High proportion of urban budget for capital city
●
Land uses are not separated well because growth has been fast and planning controls are weak.
●
Setting up of an un-authorised home is easy
●
Based on the notion that urban growth can reduce poverty and can finance rural regions
Characteristics of Megacities
 Colonial heritage
 Citadels and Ghettos
 So near but so far
 Individuals and groups with wealth & power influence decisions that affect urban








populations
Deficient supply of affordable housing and infrastructure
Broken link between urban regions and rural hinterland
Informal Employment
Client-Patron Relationship
Higher levels of congestion and environmental degradation
Multiple jurisdictions in metropolitan regions with cross-cutting issues
Mismatch between location of people & location of jobs
Weakened civic leadership
Future ? –
Let the future worry about the future
Keys To Growth or Scars On Earth?
Need to study Urban Sustainability
+ Efficiency and competitiveness - Cities are extremely efficient and competitive
+ Economic growth engines - Industries and service providers
+ Access - education, health, social services and cultural activities
+ Social integration - People of many castes and religions live and work together
Economic Concerns
Explosive population growth due to migration – go forth and multiply
resulting in
Alarming increases in the concentration of poor and jobless
Massive infrastructure deficits in the delivery of services
Pressure on land and housing
- Environmental concerns
Energy – High consuming life style, no matter what the consequences
Waste Inefficient use resulting in waste
Social concerns
Planning No equity
Happiness –
Focus on accumulating material possessions
Relationships –
Only money matters; No kinship that often ensures physical
safety, food security, and the availability of child care areas
Objectives and Methodology
Main aim: Investigate whether the present pattern of urban development in India is
sustainable.
Methodology
(i) Identification of 10 Indian cities
(ii) Identifying and quantifying indicators
(iii) Determining indicator dimensions
(iv) Benchmarking sustainable indicator-base and threshold values (maximum and minimum) for
the prioritized indicators
(v) Developing composite Urban Sustainability Index (category-wise and dimension-wise)
Importance of Indicators
Indicators turn data into relevant information for policy makers and help in
decision-making
Easily understood by stakeholders;
Related to the interests of various stakeholders;
Measurable using the available data at city and national levels; and
Clearly related to urban policy goals and capable of being changed
Urban System
Impacts on people’s health and well-being
Society
Energy
and
matter
Environment
Food
Food
Housing
Housing
Services
Services
Products
Products
Economy
Sources
Waste
and
emissions
Sinks
Institutions
Ecological Support Systems
Sustainability Dimensions and Indicators

Economic Sustainability – Capture the current as well as the dynamic economic strength
of an urban system
Income, Consumption, Infrastructure and Services

Social Sustainability – Map the extent of equitable distribution of the benefits of economic
development to the people.
Demographics, Education, Health, Equity, Poverty, Housing, Access to basic needs

Environmental Sustainability – Assess the conformation of the economic development to
the environmental standards
Pollution (Air, water and soil), Urban green spaces, Land use pattern
Institutional/Governance Sustainability – Measure the extent and effectiveness of
institutions in creating opportunities
Planning and design, Capacities and resources, Citizens’ participation, Ease of process in
Govt. services
Urban Sustainability Framework
Indicator
Growth
DIMENSION
Consumption
Infrastructure
transportation
Economic
Demographics
Education
Health
Social
URBAN
SUSTAINABILITY
Equity
Access to basic needs
Global Climate Change
Environmental
Air, water and soil pollution
Urban greenspace
Land use Pattern
Institution/
Governance
Planning and design
Capacity and resources
Citizen’s participation
Ease of Process in Govt. service
Developing SDI
Sustainability Indicators
 Selection
 Dimension
 Judging
Economic
Environmental
Institutional
Negative Effect
Positive effect
 Normalisation
 Sub-indices
Social
Normalised Indicators
Economic
Social
Environmental
Composite Sustainability Index
Institutional
Matrix for adopting indicators
Relevant
Relevant
But missing
Irrelevant
To be used
To be
modified
To be identified
To be
ignored
Potentially
Available
To be used
To be
modified
To be identified
To be
ignored
Related data
Available
To be modified
To be
modified
To be identified
To be
ignored
Not Available
To be ignored
To be ignored
To be ignored
To be
ignored
Available
Data
availability
Related
Indicator
Relevant
Relevance
Model

City Characteristics
City
Delhi
Mumbai
Population
Income
Area Population
density
(US$ Population Income
(sq.km) (million) (Persons/sq.km) ppp)
class
class
1295
14.5
11197
City Characteristics
621
14.3
23027
Kolkata
531
13.5
18467
Bangalore
534
8.44
15805
Chennai
414
7.36
17780
Hyderabad
583
6.75
11492
Ahmedabad
466
6.72
14421
Pune
700
3.74
5343
Lucknow
976
3.36
3443
Patna
943
2.04
2163
9982
6326
3744
5102
4797
4534
4192
6277
3158
2540
1
1
2
2
3
8
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
3
9
9
10
10
Economic Indicators
Category
Income
Employment
Consumption
Infrastructure and
urban services
Transport
Indicators of Urban Sustainability
Per capita income
City GDP growth rate
City product as a % of country’s GDP
Local purchasing power Index
Consumer price index
Share of organised employment
Unemployment rate (%)
Employment growth rate
Per capita water supply (litres)
City Characteristics
Unit
US$/year
%
%
CPI
%
%
%
litres/day
Contribution
+ ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
Per capita water consumption
(l/day)
Per capita electricity consumption (kWh)
Per capita energy consumption (GJ)
Per capita food consumption (kg)
Energy intensity (consumption per $ GDP)
Road length
kWh/annum
GJ/annum
kg/day
MJ/$.
km/1000 pop.
+ve
Hospitals/100,000 population
Bank branches
No. of telephones landlines per 100,000 pop
share of HH with internet connections
HH with access to telephones (Landline)
Public bus transport seats
Para-Public (Auto, Taxi, Maxicabs) transport seats
Passenger carrying capacity
Cars
Two-wheelers
Non-motorized transport
Transport fuel consumption
No./100,000 pop.
No./100,000 pop.
%
%
Per 1000 pop.
Per 1000 pop.
Per 1000 pop.
Per 1000 pop.
Per 1000 pop.
%
GJ/capita/year
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
Proportion of total motorised road PKM by public transport
%
+ve
+ve
Automobile ownership
Share of public transportation (bus, metro, suburban trains
No/family
%
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
Social Indicators
Category
Demographics
Indicator
City population
Population growth rate
Population density
Population that are children
Gender ratio
Child sex ratio
Average household size
Slum population
Migration rate
Colleges
Schools
Literacy rate
Male literacy
Female literacy
School enrolment rate
Number of hospital beds
Number of physicians
Life expectancy at birth
Maternal mortality rate
Unit
Million
%/annum
Persons/sq.km
%
Females/1000 males
No
% of total
%/annum
Per 100,000 pop.
Per 1000 pop.
%
%
%
(%)
Per 10,000 pop.
Per 10,000 pop.
Years
Per 100,000 pop
Contribution
-ve
-ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
-ve
Birth rate
Births/1,000 pop.
-ve
Death rate
Infant mortality
Income distribution
HH below poverty line
Per 1000 pop.
No/1000
%
%
-ve
-ve
-ve
-ve
Population with pucca houses
%
+ve
HH access to water
HH access to sanitation
Number of houses
HH with piped water connection
%
%
No. /1000 pop.
%
+ve
+ve
+ve
+ve
City Characteristics
Education
Health
Equity
Basic services
Environment indicators
Category
Global Climate Change
Air Pollution
Soil pollution
Water pollution
Urban green spaces
Indicator
Unit
Contribution
CO2 Emissions per person
Tonne/capita
-ve
GHG emission/city GDP
kg/US$ PPP
-ve
Renewable Energy in electricity generation
%
+ve
SO2 emissions
μg/m3
-ve
μg/m3
-ve
PM10 emission
μg/m3
-ve
Solid waste generation
kg/cap/year
-ve
Solid waste that is recycled
%
+ve
Dry waste capita
kg/cap/day
-ve
Share of waste water treated
%
+ve
Green spaces
m2//person
+ve
City
Characteristics
NO emission
2
Institutional Indicators
Category
Citizen participation
Indicator
Unit
Contribution
Voter turnout
%
+ve
%
+ve
Score
+ve
Score
+ve
Score
+ve
Score
+ve
Score
+ve
Score
+ve
Work participation
City
Characteristics
Citizen participation in decision making
City competitiveness
Urban planning and design
Quality of city system
Urban capacities and resources
Political representation
Ease of process in govt. services
Indicator scores of 10 cities
Performance Assessment
VG
G
AAVG
Bangalore
Delhi
Ahmedabad
Mumbai
Economic
Social
Environment
Institutional
AVG
Ahmedabad
Bangalore
Chennai
Pune
Ahmedabad
Chennai
Hyderabad
Bangalore
Mumbai
Pune
Patna
Delhi
Delhi
Hyderabad
Kolkata
Mumbai
Lucknow
Patna
BAVG
POOR
Chennai
Hyderabad
Pune
Kolkata
Lucknow
Patna
Kolkata
Lucknow
Kolkata
Lucknow
Chennai
Mumbai
Ahmedabad
Bangalore
Delhi
Hyderabad
Pune
VG = Very Good (> 0.8); , G = Good (0.65 – 0.8); AAVG = Above average (0.55 – 0.64)
Lucknow
Patna
P
City Sustainability Index
Sustainable Indices
Dimension
Ahmedabad Bangalore Chennai
Delhi
Hyderabad
Econ.
0.46
0.45
0.39
0.46
0.39
Social
0.70
0.68
0.69
Envt.
0.63
0.60
0.62
0.55
0.62
Inst.
0.40
0.34
0.43
0.39
CSI
0.57
0.55
0.56
0.53
Kolkata
Lucknow
Mumbai
Patna
Pune
0.36
0.37
0.45
0.36
0.39
City Characteristics
0.64
0.64
0.62
0.59
0.62
0.57
0.68
0.54
0.57
0.52
0.56
0.55
0.36
0.37
0.31
0.43
0.24
0.31
0.54
0.51
0.50
0.52
0.48
0.53
Unsustainable Urban regions:
What Does It All Mean to Us Today?
The most serious problems
 Destruction or losses of natural resources
 Ceiling on natural resources (Energy, photosynthetic ceiling)
 Significant waste generation
 Population issues (per-capita impact—the resources consumed, and the
wastes put out)
 Migration - Young leave for cities for better opportunities (education and
employment) resulting in a loss of entrepreneurship in rural areas
All relate to the life style
Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough
Pathways to Sustainable Cities
 Institution Development - Formal and informal institutions and institutional
entrepreneurships
 New planning paradigms and technology diffusion: Infrastructure for the
sustainable provision of urban services (e.g., Mass transport)
 Behaviour change (Society interest vs. individual interest) : Where
interventions can be identified to trigger among individuals to modify their
patterns of resource consumption (e.g., incentives and disincentives)
Transition
Arena
Institutional
Development
Rate of Change
Slow
Technology/
Planning
Moderate
Behaviour change
Fast
Focus - planning not only for "green cities and growing cities" but
also for "just cities."
Sustainability
Sustainability Transitions –
Three Horizon Thinking
Horizon 3: 5-10 years
Technologies that are
radically from the existing
ones, Overcome barriers.
Horizon 3: Institutions
Development of new
institutions, PPP mode.
Make cities selfsustainable by growing
food locally, recycling
wastes etc.
Horizon 3:
Responsibility, Tangible
evidence of change in
behaviour; participation in
resolution of problems.
.
Horizon 2: 3- 5 years
Required improved
technologies, modified
policy, governance,
regulatory envt., etc.
Horizon 1: 1- 3 years
Capturing maximum potential
from existing technologies
(lighting, SWH, waste to
energy, etc.)
Time
Technical Innovation
Horizon 2: Sectoral focus
Technology/mode shift
(personal to public, road to
rail, non renewable to
reenwable, etc.
Horizon 1:Basic services
Foot paths, parks, wastewater treatment, toilets,
etc. Public participation in
decision making
Time
Urban Planning
Horizon 2:
Incentives and disincentives
(using public transport,
encourage walking or the use
of small, low-speed, energyefficient vehicles, taxing on
land for actual use.
Horizon 1:
Awareness, knowledge ,
understanding (cleanliness,
sanitation, rule of law, etc.)
Time
Behaviour Change
Forces and Actors
Government
Political
stability
Rule of law, stable
bureaucracy and
financial markets
(i)Establish new institutions and encourage
entrepreneurship
(ii)Determine the resources to be taxed and subsidized
(iii)Incentives and disincentives for conservation and
over use
(iv) Redistribute resources among various sections
International Institutions
Individuals
(i)Funds for investment towards RETs
(ii)Enforce multilateral envt. agreements
(iii) Shape and enforce trade practices
that harm or protect envt.
S&T
ῆ in Resource
extraction and use
Recycling of waste
Social and
economic
conditions
Access to clean
envt.
Population size,
culture and values
(i)Demand basic needs at affordable prices
(ii)Shape social norms for resource use
(iii)Avoid product that damage envt.
(iv)Use eco systems as places of recreation
Business/Industry
(i)Use ῆ technologies and reduce energy intensity
(ii)Drive innovation
(iii)Determine which goods/services are produced and how
(envt. friendly or detrimental)
Voice
Right to express
opinion, information
access, organise
and take part in
decision making
Sustainable Urban Development –
The three Pillars
Hard ware
(Economic
Growth
- Urban structure,
Land use)
Development of
envt. consciousness
Provide conditions of spatial design
Limitations of system design
Participation
In planning
(Social EquityRegulation,
Leadership)
Building Capacity
in Envt. Education
Heart ware
(Environmental
awarenessResource
conservation,
ethics)
Adopted from Sachihiko Harashina
Soft ware
collaboration of citizens,
enterprises and public
administration
A New Beginning
 Economic sustainability-productive use for the long-term benefit of the community,





without damaging or depleting the natural resource base
Social sustainability - inclusiveness of all stakeholders
Environmental sustainability - carrying capacity
Institutional sustainability - quality of governance
Link Urban sustainability with rural sustainability (Need for a mutually supporting life
systems)
Most important – Change in the attitude - Retaining the traditional values and the
living standards.
Billions of people are going to make their homes in cities over the next few decades —
many in megacities and in slums where devastating poverty persists. We are going to
spend tens, if not hundreds, of trillions on city building (Indian Govt. initiated a smart
city programme to spend $16 billion in the next 5 years). It is crucial that we get it right.


1954 – one cookbook, 2000 an entire library
1954 – simple equipment, 2000 a whole battery of machines
The Sunday dinner: 1954 a feast; 2000 MacDonalds!
In circles?
Think
Q&A
Economic Indicators
Categories of
Sustainability
Income
Employment
Consumption
Infrastructure and
urban services
Indicators of Urban Sustainability
Unit
Max.
Min.
Per capita income
City GDP
City GDP growth rate
City product as a % of country’s
GDP
Consumer price index
Share of organised employment
Unemployment rate (%)
Employment growth rate
Water supply
Water consumption
Electricity consumption
Energy consumption
Food consumption (kg)
US$/year
US$.billion
%
42,257
1479
2,004
10
13.3
35.73
Energy intensity of GDP
MJ/$.
km/1000 pop.
Road length
Hospitals/100,000 population
Bank branches/100,000 pop.
No. of telephones landlines per
100,000 pop.
share of HH with internet
connections
Share of HH with access to
telephones (Landline)
Public bus transport seats (per
1000 population)
Para-Public (Auto, Taxi,
transport seats (per 1000
population)
Passenger carrying capacity per
1000 population
Cars per 1000 population
Two-wheelers per 1000
%
CPI
%
%
%
l/d/cap
l/d/cap
kWh/y/cap
GJ/y/cap
kg/d/cap
Ahme Banga Chenn
Hyderab
Luckn
Mumbai
dabad lore
ai
Delhi
ad Kolkata ow
Patna Pune
4,192
4,102
4,797
9,982
5,534
3744
3,158
6,326
2,540
6,277
83
65
150
52
90
8.3
6.2
8.4
6.8
5.3
14
4.5
168
1.1
50.8
10.1
10.4
5.6
48
7.4
0.40
21.5
1.40
27.68
2.29
1.79
27.35
4.13
1.43
2.48
28.84
30.2
26
26.81
0.39
27.21
37.33
0.29
24.83
28.18
80
15
51.5
31
32.2
29.20
26.5
32
22.3
18
19
32.8
50
4.2
14.7
15
14.6
15.5
15.9
20.4
25.5
17
23.2
14.5
7.2
-5
6.12
-0.8
96
-0.04
116
0.15
85
2.9
53.1
1
70
-4
527
0.8
95
208
-0.5
125
-0.6
115
78
1324
120
1104
76
1086
130
96
1600
695
94
1552
191.15
450
45
17619
352
80
1828
129
189
85
58
81
1576
1379
1888
8.5
4.63
1.32
900
5.2
0.93
15.5
1.33
12.2
1.17
11.5
1.4
15.14
0.87
16.1
0.97
21.2
0.65
18
0.9
17.19
1.9
1.41
9.1
1.4
15.5
1.2
14.8
0.62
2.20
1.68
2.15
2.30
2.30
1.91
1.91
1.66
1.75
1.61
12.3
74.4
95.87
0.04
0.2
3.14
0.17
6.3
11.4
0.65
13.4
17
0.61
5.9
24.9
2.4
11.6
15.1
0.20
4.6
16
0.11
2.9
8.8
0.15
1
4
0.102
12.1
7.9
0.13
0.8
3.6
0.25
1.1
10.4
28000
350
9600
10,823
4780
14500
5600
2800
4730
12973
2700
6540
100
2
37.10
45.68
51.72
49.08
61.04
31.21
11.6
65.22
15.2
40.0
100
12
48.00
24.1
23.90
72.50
28.00
14.00
23.65
38.2
13.50
32.70
105.6
35
138.1
84.1
36.3
33.6
44
38.2
72
61.1
30.5
35.2
59.4
30
37.7
12.5
19.1
15.6
11.3
35
354
28
393
335
678
333
196
231
198
215
314
47
56.6
86
26.2
25.5
18
26.5
11.5
19.7
6
205
5.6
265
90
740
587.1
9.5
SocialIndicators
Indicators
Social
Category
Indicators of Urban
Sustainability
Max.
Min.
Bangalore
Ahmedabad
Mumbai
Hydera
Chennai Delhi bad Kolkata Lucknow
Patna
Pune
City population (million)
Demographics
Population growth rate
(%/annum)
Population density
(persons/sq.km)
% of population that are
children
Gender ratio (Females/1000
males)
35
0.076
6.2
8.1
8.7
16.3
7.7
14.1
2.32
18.4
2
5
11.4
0.29
2.4
3.25
1.68
3.4
2.2
1.74
2.54
2.3
3.7
3.1
111002
1800
21000
10931
26702
10984
7393
24252
3367
15646
1803
13908
11.2
10.31
8.94
11.76
10.46
6.69
11.37
8.34
13.1
11.6
945
922
986
875
945
899
915
810
882
897
848
941
964
866
938
930
905
910
883
892
4.73
3.24
4.02
4.9
4.64
4.39
5.26
4.5
5.85
4.19
4.1
10
28.8
11
0.04
31.2
12
44.1
3.1
12
2.9
13.4
3.5
5.8
2.5
2.8
2.8
4.3
2.7
4.5
5
15
734
1176
Child sex ratio
840
980
Average household size (no)
2
6.8
Slum population (% of total)
0
45
Migration rate (%/annum)
0.1
20
Education
Colleges/100,000 eligible
population
56
3.2
20.1
21.21
15.8
13.4
21.7
6.45
10
8.5
9.5
33
Schools/1000 population
0.955
0.05
0.35
0.521
0.24
0.308
0.39
0.18
0.08
0.225
0.12
0.28
89.6
88.48
90.18
86.3
83.2
87.14
77.3
90.9
70.7
91.6
94
91.82
93.7
91
87
89.08
82.6
94.9
78.5
95.1
Literacy rate (%)
48
100
Male literacy
60
100
Female literacy
45
84.8
84.8
86.6
80.9
79.4
84.1
72.5
86.9
62
88
100
45
96
97
92
92
98
93
75
95.25
80
98
137
3
26
40
39
34
64
17
11
24
8
42
42
3
19
25
16
24.8
21
8
9
15.2
12
20
83.75
48.69
66.5
70
81
73
67.2
71.3
60
71
67.1
70.5
100
School enrollment rate (No)
Number of hospital beds per
10,000 population
Number of physicians per
10,000 population
Life expectancy at birth (years)
Health
Maternal mortality rate (per
Environment Indicators
Categories of
Sustainability
Indicators of Urban
Sustainability
Unit
CO2 Emissions per person
[tonne per capita]
Global Climate
Change
Maxim Minim
Bangal
Mumb
um
um Ahmed ore Chenn
Hyder Kolkat Luckno ai
abad
ai
Delhi abad a
w
Patna Pune
0.5
9.7
GHG emission/city GDP
(kg/US$ PPP)
1.2
1.3
0.91
2
1.08
1.83
0.64
0.78
0.73
1.31
0.69024
0.05
0.13
0.12
0.06
0.10
0.18
0.10
0.17
0.08542
9
0.19
0.13
61
1
14.6
52.00
36
1.3
34.6
15
14.5
21
11.5
21
90
5
16
18
22
6
13
12
8
34
7
26
NO2 emission (μg/m3)
130
12
24
41
22
55
25
62
24
86
36
42
PM10 emission (μg/m3)
Percapita Solid waste
(kg/cap/year)
260
11
96
120
59
259
81
98
204
132
130
65
100 135.05
166.5
165 167.17
154
102
114
209 135.05
128
16.3
21.6
11.5
15.5
16.7
12.6
16.7
0.27 0.1924
0.285
2
Share of Renewable Energy
in electricity generation
%
SO2 emissions (μg/m3)
Air Pollution
Soil pollution
% of solid waste that is
recycled
995.6
100
8
11.7
22.5
15.5
Dry waste capita (kg/cap/day)
8
Water pollution
Urban green spaces
Share of waste water treated
(%)
0.05 0.1517
0.82 0.2542 0.2475 0.3078
0.29 0.1034
100
10
44
42.4
35
55
39
20
30
67.6
29
51
166.3
0.5
62
41
0.8
18.8
0.6
1.8
14
6.6
16
14
Green spaces/person (m2)
Institutional Indicators
Categories of Sustainability
Indicators of Urban
Sustainability
Unit
Maxim Minim
um
um
Banga
lore
Ahme
dabad
Mumb
ai
Chenn
Hyder Kolkat Luckn
ai
Delhi abad a
ow
Patna Pune
Quality of city system
City competitiveness
100
26
63
61.1
62.3
69.7
61.8
61.5
34.5
67.8
38.5
59.9
95
35
62
56
68
65.1
53.3
61
53.02
53
45.3
54.1
100
24.5
29.2
37.8
34.3
37.7
34.5
37.6
22.8
39.3
20.2
40.8
8.9
0.9
1.5
3
2.9
1.2
4.4
2.9
1.3
3.3
1.5
3.5
8.8
0.5
2.5
2.9
2.2
3.9
2.9
4.2
0.8
2.6
0.7
3
9.9
0.6
2.5
0.9
2.2
2.9
2.1
2
1.4
2.7
1.6
2.8
9.4
1
3.2
1.9
4.1
2.2
2.6
3.5
2.2
3.5
2.3
3.9
9.5
0.2
4.5
2.9
3
1.5
2.8
2.5
1.1
2.3
1.2
2.2
Voter turnout (%)
Citizen participation
Work participation (%)
Citizen participation
Urban planning and design
Urban capacities and
resources
Governance
Political representation
Ease of process in govt.
services