Transcript environmental auditing ii

“Biofuels in Africa: Opportunities and
Risks in the International context”
Presented to Glopolis o.p.s
By: Francis Njoka - Kenya
[email protected]
Venue:
Institute of International Relations, Nerudova 3, Prague 1
Prague - 13th Mar, 2012
Contents
Country - snapshot
Types of Liquid biofuels
Biofuels policies and development in Kenya
Biofuels - Risks and Opportunities
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) incentives
East Africa briefs
Conclusions
Kenya - Country snapshot
Latitude 4o35’ N – 4o42’ S
Longitude –
34o E – 41o51’ E
Time zone +3Hrs GMT
Population –
40 million (2011 est.)
Language –
English/Kiswahili
Local languages – 42
Religion –
Christians (83%),
Muslims (11.2%)
Literacy 85.1% (2010)
Life expectancy – 59.5yrs (2011)
Growth rate – 2.9%
GDP (ppp) $1,689 = €1.279 (2010)
Inflation – 18.9% (2011)
Poverty levels – 46.6% (2007)
Energy per capita – 121kWh/yr. (2008)
Kenya’s land resource
Element
Total land area
Water mass
Landmass
Arable land (16%)
Farming (31%)
Grazing (30%)
Forests (22%)
Game parks, urban centres, markets,
homesteads, infrastructure (17%)
ASALs (84%)
Rangeland, agro-pastoralists,
pastoralists, reserves ,etc
(potential for irrigation)
Irrigation potential
Max irrigation potential (Tana & Athi
basins)
km2 Million Ha
582,650.0
88.2
13,400.0
1.3
569,250.0
86.9
91,080.0
13.9
28,234.8
4.3
27,324.0
4.2
20,037.6
3.1
%
100
1.5
98.5
15.8
4.9
4.7
*3.5
15,483.6
2.4
2.7
478,170.0
73.0
82.7
0.54
0.6
1
1.1
Economic summary
Key economic sectors
Agriculture: (65% export, 70% informal employment, 18% formal employment, 26%
GDP, 25% GDP indirectly); Tourism (12% GDP); Transport & Communication
(11% GDP); Manufacturing (10% GDP – cement, milk, cigarettes, beer)
Exports
Export zone 1 (46%)
Export zone 2 (54%)
Tea – 23.6%, horticulture –
Uganda – 12.4%,
UK – 10.7%,
14.5%, manufactured goods Tanzania – 8.4%,
Netherlands – 6.9%,
– 12%, raw materials –
Egypt – 4.5%,
US – 4.5%,
4.4%, coffee – 3.9%, oil
Sudan – 4.3%
Pakistan – 4.5%,
products – 2.2%)
UAE – 4.4%, etc
Imports
Import zones
Trading blocks
Oil (23.6%), manufactured
Far East Asia - 42%, EU – EAC, COMESA,
goods, Machinery, vehicles, 20.4%, Middle East Asia – ECOWAS, SADC, EU
electronics
14.7%
Economic partners
Immerging partners
FDIs
UK, Germany, France, Israel, US, S. Africa, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Israel, UK,
Netherlands, Switzerland,
UAE, Iran, Japan,
India, China
US, Belgium, Italy, Finland,
Singapore, China
India, Sweden, Australia
For year 2010
The Energy sector
Primary energy
o Biomass – 68%
o Petroleum – 22%
o Electricity* – 9%
o Others – 1%
Rural energy mix
 Woodfuel –89%
 Charcoal – 34%
 Kerosene – 94%
 Nat-gas – 1.8%
 Electricity – 4%
 Solar – 1%
 Biogas
 Candles
Capacity
Electricity Access
oInstalled – 1,647MW o National – 18%
oNominal – 1,433MW o Urban – 51%
oPeak – 1,191MW
o Rural – 6%
Urban energy mix
 Woodfuel – 7%
 Charcoal – 82%
 Kerosene - 89%
 Nat-gas – 23%
 Electricity – 51%
 Candles
Electricity Mix.
o Hydro – 57%
o Thermal – 31.7%
o Geothermal – 11%
o Wind – 0.3%
o Emergency – 286MW
Key Stakeholders in Energy sector
Ministry of Energy (MoE) – In charge of the entire energy sector
Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) – Body under the MoE
responsible for energy regulation, licensing, permits, protection of
investors and customers
Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KENGEN) – Responsible
for electricity generation together with IPPs.
Geothermal Development Company (GDC) – Responsible for the
development of the geothermal energy sector.
Kenya Electricity Transmission Company (KETRACO) –
Responsible for the development of the grid electricity distribution
system
Kenya Electricity and Lighting Company (KPLC) – Responsible
for electricity connection to customers throughout the country.
Rural Electrification Authority (REA) – Responsible for the
improvement of access to electricity in rural areas.
Renewable energy
Commercial level
oHydro Power – 757MW
oGeothermal – 165MW
oWind – 5.1MW
oBiomass (sugar bagasse) – 26MW
Domestic level
oSmall hydro – Mini-grid installations
oSolar PV – over 40 companies, over 220,000 SHS installed
-REA installing off-grid units in schools and other centres
oSolar Thermal – over 140,000m2 - common in upmarket
residentials
oBiogas – over 3,000 domestic size units installed
oImproved cook-stoves – Numerous Institutional and domestic
oBio-ethanol/-diesel - stoves, lanterns, stationary engines
Biomass energy resource - overview
Waste-based

Exploited – animal manures (household biogas), molasses
(ethanol), sugar bagasse* (cogeneration)

Un-used – Sisal*, coffee, tea, municipal wastes, rice husks,
sugar bagasse*, horticultural wastes, wheat straws,
molasses*, market wastes, saw dust, abattoir wastes.
Plant-based

Exploited - fuelwood and charcoal extensively used

Un-used* - Prosopis Juliflora (ironwood/mesquite), water
hyacinths, sweet sorghum, cassava and other biofuels.
* = marginally used currently
Biogas
oSmall domestic biogas units ranging from 3-15m3 have been
promoted since 1957.
oFavourable substitute to fuelwood and charcoal
oOver 3000 units exist, mainly running on animal manures
oKey players are MoE, GIZ, KENFAB, ABC-K, Universities and
private companies
oUNIDO (abattoir wastes) and MoE (human wastes) promoting
medium scale systems (15-50kW)
oKilifi plantations runs a 150kW biogas plant on sisal & cow wastes
Cogeneration
oAnnual sugar bagasse production is over 1.8million tonnes
oMumias, one of the 9 sugar companies has a 32MW capacity
bagasse cogeneration unit
o26MW of the generated electricity is fed to the grid
Bio-ethanol
oBioethanol is produced from sugar molasses and used in
beverage, biochemical, pharmaceutical, chemical industries and
hospitals.
oSpectra International (SIL) and Agro-Chemical & Food Company
Ltd (ACFC) are the key players producing 22million and 18million
litres respectively per year (2008)
oAn E1O pilot is to start in Kisumu, Eldoret and Nakuru
oPlans are underway to produce bioethanol from sweet sorghum
and cassava.
oPAC (ITDG) is conducting field trials on bioethanol stoves
Biodiesel
oIt is mainly produced from Jatropha, castor, croton and yellow
oreander.
oMost of the main plants existed before consideration as fuel crops
and several pilot projects have been established in different areas
in the country with over 4.2 million Jatropha seedlings distributed to
small/large scale farmers.
oKey players in jatropha include; Vanilla Development Foundation
(1.19 million), Green Africa Foundation (3 million), Magadi Soda
Company (10ha), GEF etc.
Biomass power
oA company by the name Tower power is almost through with
feasibility studies for 2No., 11.5MW thermal power plants to run on
Prosopis Juliflora (mesquite / ironwood)
oVast plantations of this invasive plant, about 200,000ha are found
in Baringo, Garissa and Tana river basin.
Main types of Liquid biofuels
Bio-diesel based






Bio-ethanol based
Jatropha Carcus
 Sugar molasses
Croton megalocarpas
 Sweet sorghum
Yellow Oleander (Thevetia Peruviana)
Castor oil
 *Cassava, beet root,
Cotton seed
corn, sugarcane juice,
animal tallow
potatoes, millet
 *Amaranthus, peanut, coconut oil,
sunflower, oil palm, cocoanut,
macadamia
Biofuels policies and development in Kenya
National Energy Policy (Sessional Paper No. 4 of
2004) -Ministry of Energy, 2004
•Encourage wider adoption of renewable energy technologies,
thereby enhancing their role in the country‘s energy supply
matrix especially in isolated applications.
•Recognizes the potential for production of biodiesel from locally
grown crops
•Need to set aside land for the production of energy crops
•Formulate strategies to optimize land use and to harmonize the
existing land use policy with the energy policy
•Mobilization of resources for research and development to
facilitate biofuels introduction as a motor blend in the medium
term
Energy Act, 2006 - Government of Kenya, 2006.
Most relevant legislation operationalized in July 2007
It encourages enhancement of incentives to the private sector
It allows duty free importation of energy.
 It empowers the Minister to promote the development and use of
RE technologies including biodiesel and bioethanol.
Established the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC)
responsible for regulating the production, distribution, supply and
use of renewable and other forms of energy by;
oProtecting the interests of consumers, investors and other stakeholder interests.
oMonitoring and ensuring fair competition.
oIssue licenses and permits for all undertakings and activities in the energy
sector
oFormulates, enforces and reviews environmental, health, safety and quality
standards for the energy sector.
oEnforces and reviews regulations, codes and standards.
Feed-in-Tariffs (FiTs) for REs (2008)
RE source
Capacity
(MW)
Biomass
0 - 40
0.07 (0.053)
0.045 (0.034)
Wind
0 - 50
0.09 (0.068)
0.09 (0.068)
SHP
0.5 - 0.99
0.12 (0.091)
0.10 (0.076)
1-5
0.10 (0.076)
0.08 (0.061)
5.1 - 10
0.08 (0.061)
0.06 (0.046)
(Hydro)
Firm power
$ (€)/kWh
Non-firm power $
(€)/kWh
For comparison - 0.027 (0.021)
1 Mini-hydro (Tea factory) project already cleared
Other proposals under review - Biomass (Tower power)
2008
Draft policy on strategy for the development of
Bio-diesel industry in Kenya (2008-2012)
This has the objectives of;
i.
Increasing security of energy supply by reducing vulnerability
from dependence on imported fossil fuels (a 5% reduction in
imported diesel by year 2012 through substitutions with
biodiesel)
ii. To diversify rural energy sources by promoting substitution
of kerosene with biodiesel - (reduce dependence on kerosene
from 76.4% in 2005/06 to 50% by 2012)
iii. To contribute to the efforts of addressing global warming through
substitution of petroleum fuels. The biodiesel industry is
expected to contribute to a 6% reduction of poverty
incidence by 2012.
iv. To contribute to poverty alleviation through diversification of
income sources. (through rural agricultural mobilization,
especially in the marginal semi-arid areas, bio-diesel industry
can increase household income levels by 30% by 2012.
Kenya Biodiesel Association (KBDA) is established to bring
together all major players in the supply chain, namely producers of
planting materials, feedstock producers, processors, marketers and
distributors, and large consumers
Blending – B5 by 2012 and B10 by 2020
NB: Foreign Investors recommended to come in as strategic
partners to existing local Groups. Key is the establishment of
markets
Draft Bioethanol Strategy 2009-2012
It has the following objectives;
To fast track development of the bioethanol energy resource
To reduce the import bill for petroleum products. (a 10%
reduction in the importation of gasoline can be realised by 2010)
To achieve blending ratio of E-10 by December 31st 2010
To diversify the sugar industry base and strengthen the
economic base of sugar factories
To enhance clean energy application in rural households in
order to reduce pollution levels
To contribute to poverty alleviation and food security
To contribute to the reduction of global warming through
substitution of petroleum fuels with bioethanol.
Biofuels opportunities and Risks
The Risks
Large scale commercial projects
These are ideally huge untested experiments
Poised to introduce intensive farming methods
Cause unplanned industrial developments
Use of fertilizer, insecticides, pesticides will lead to environmental
pollution
Mechanisation leads to displacement of people and cause loss of
livelihood
The net terrestrial CO2 storage is lost with the introduction of
biofuels
Biodiversity and environmental sustainability is lost with
monocultures
Climate change market driven systems & FDI
The EU’s or US policies have seen foreign companies acquire
huge trucks of land for biofuels impacting on land in EA and
Africa in General
Majority of EU countries are in short of biofuels land yet they
must fulfil their policy obligations
Africa is perceived as a continent with available land, cheap
labour and highly suitable climate.
This land grabbing has little regard for the rural poor, food
production, family cohesion, and traditional land values.
Local people’s way of life; forestry, pastoralism, bee keeping,
tourism is being compromised
Cases of Foreign companies structuring their project financing
or tax breaks to evade local taxes
Company
Product
Sun biofuels (UK)
Jatropha
CAMS group (UK)
jatropha
Kenya Jatropha Energy (Italian) Jatropha
Land area (Ha)
Host country
Tanzania
Tanzania
Kenya
Ethiopia
Uganda
DRC
Zambia
DRC
Nigeria
Benfield (Canadian)
Jatropha
Agro-biotech (China), UoN,
CIAT et al
Flora EcoPower (Germany)
SCOUL (India)
China
China
Saudi Arabia
Trans4mation Agric-tech (UK)
Cassava
5,500
45,000
*50,000
(10,000)
*64,000
(10,000)
40,000
biofuels
bioethanol
Oil palm
Jatropha
Oil palm
Biofuels
13,000
7,100
2,800,000
2,000,000
500,000
10,000
Kenya
Kenya
USA – (17,500 Kenya) – horticulture, UAE – (378,000 Tanzania, 378,000 Sudan) - Corn, alfalfa,
wheat, potatoes, beans, Qatar – (40,000 Kenya) – horticulture, Saudi Arabia – (500,000 Tanzania) –
food, South Korea – (690,000 Sudan) – Wheat
Leigh Phillips & Mat McDermott
A case of Tana Delta – Dakatcha woodland
The delta during a rainy season - aerial view
Key concerns
Loss of biodiversity
Over 234 bird species
20,000 people to be displaced
Loss of pasture, subsistence
Habitat to Clarke’s Weaver
Land tenure systems & laws
Land ownership (Government trust land, privately owned land and
communal land)
Land is one of the most scarce and valuable asset
Ownership and access is to-date, a thorny issue and is profoundly
political.
Communal land is governed by Trust land Act – entrusts county
councils to hold in trust on behalf of groups of communities or Land
(group representative) Act – 3-10 people are elected to represent
and be custodians of communal land
The present public land tenure management system in Kenya is
fragmented, uncoordinated and non-transparent.
Land transactions are vulnerable to corrupt deals and can result to
unending lawsuits, political influence or civil rights group objections.
Risk of failure
Most of biofuels such as jatropha, castor, oleander, croton have
not been tested especially on marginal lands
Sugar, palm oil may also fail as soils get denuded and water
shortages continue to persist
Bankruptcy - Most of investors have pulled out due to lack of
funds e.g. In Tanzania, of the 20 companies licensed, only 6-7 are
active
Knowledge gaps and climate change
Most of biofuels have not been thoroughly researched
especially on viable varieties, production rates under given
conditions
East Africa continues to experience frequent droughts and
sudden floods exacerbated by climate change problem
Increased vulnerability of women and children
In East Africa, land tenure is predominantly owned by men
Men are also in charge of land transactions and associated
with cash crops which biofuels are.
With most farmers being small scale, there is a possibility of
losing subsistence where food crops/staple foods may be
grown.
This will render women and children to suffer more
Competition with other resources
Less than 3% of Kenya’s land is under forest cover – below the
recommended 10% minimum
Kenya also aims at increasing her agricultural productivity by
irrigating more of arid and semi-arid regions for food
Kenya is also considered a chronically water scarce country (per
capita - 548m3 against recommended 1,000m3)
Biofuels production will of course bring in conflicts with food
production, reduce forest cover or encroach on wetlands.
Its production will definitely affect the water resource as rain-fed
production is not feasible
It will also use land and may lead to soil degradation eventually
Commercial production will reduce/eliminate crop and
indigenous biodiversity and fragment ecosystems
The Opportunities
Diversification of rural energy supply mix
Improvement of agricultural returns and rural economies
Value addition of agricultural produce (farm-gate quality)
Improvement of local infrastructure
Reduction on oil imports
Reduction of GHGs from fossil oil emissions
Improvement of the health of women and children (in-door-air)
Child education improvements
Conservation of soils susceptible to erosion
Conservation of the forests and environment
Biofuels investments or commercial production will;
Improve production quality
Improve transfer of technology
Additional investment finance or capital flows
Economic and social development
FDI opportunities in Biofuels
Country
Mauritius
South Africa
Rwanda
Botswana
Ghana
Namibia
Zambia
Seychelles
Kenya
Ethiopia
Uganda
Tanzania
Sudan
Burundi
Djibuoti
Eritrea
Ranking
(International)
23
35
45
54
63
78
84
103
109
111
123
127
135
169
170
180
Ranking
(Africa)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
35
43
Ranking
(EA)
Ranking
(Low income)
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
4
5
7
8
22
30
Doing business report of June 2011 (World bank)
In general, Kenyan policies on foreign investment have been
favourable since independence
Government incentives – in general
 An
investment allowance is offered on buildings, equipment and
plant machinery
Loss carried forward option whereby a company is allowed to
carry forward their loses to future taxable profits
VAT waiver for all plants set up and machinery
Depreciation of assets based on book value
Removal of exchange controls
Laws in place against expropriation
Rationalized trade licences regime which requires less licences
than before
Decontrolled prices
Membership to MIGA (1988 )
Kenya is signatory to World bank’s Multilateral Investment
Guarantee Agency (MIGA) of 1988
Promotes the flow of private foreign investment to developing
member countries.
MIGA offers political risk insurance coverage to eligible
investors
MIGA also offers technical assistance programs (through
dissemination of information on investment opportunities and
business operating conditions, capacity building and investment
facilitation activities. supporting the efforts of developing
countries to identify and attract investment
Export processing zones (EPZs)
Established in the 1990, there currently are about 42 EPZs in Kenya
Due to attractive tax incentives, operating environment, good
physical infrastructure and support by EPZA staff - over 80 firms
worldwide make the Kenya EPZs their home.
Incentives to private investors on RE
Hydroelectric Projects:
⇒ 15-yr income tax holiday >50 MW
⇒ 10-yr income tax holiday - 20 MW - 49MW
⇒ 7-yr income tax holiday < 20 MW
Geothermal Plants:
⇒ 10-year tax holiday >50 MW
⇒ 7-year tax holiday - 30-49 MW
⇒ 5-year tax holiday - 10-29MW
Renewable Energy Projects:
⇒ 7-year tax break for investors in RE and dividends earned from investments in
domestic energy.
The incentives shall be maintained until 70% of the population is connected to electricity.
Vision 2030 (2007)
Country’s development blueprint covering the period 2008 - 2030.
Aims at making Kenya an industrialized middle-income country
Opens up new investment opportunities including energy
Pillars are;
•Economic (prosperity – 10% GDP growth)
•Political (issue-based politics – rule of law, rights & freedom for all)
•Social (just & cohesive society, social equity, clean & secure
environment)
New Constitution (2010)
Presumes a new political dispensation, devolved governance,
streamlining judicial system, rule of law and improvement of human
dignity
Other Investment Incentives
Exploring CDM possibilities
Strategic location of Kenya - The gateway to E. Africa
East Africa’s largest economy
Stable currency - Kenya shilling (KES)
High returns on trade and investment
Aggressive economic development Incentives
Free enterprise economic policies
Highly educated local workforce
Expansive regional infrastructure (e.g. LAPSSET)
Commitment to public-private partnerships
Intellectual property protections
Sophisticated fibre optic voice/data infrastructure
Diversified economy - Real estate, Mfg, IT, Agri-Biz
English is the official business language
Access 500 million people in East & Central Africa
Broader Investment opportunities in the Energy sector
Key => Installed capacity – 1,860MW (2013), 2,600MW (2018)- 18%
growth
Transformer manufacturing
Geothermal development – 165MW (installed) 7000MW (potential)
300MW coal power plant – power generation or exploration
Hydro power – Tana river (Mutonga - 60MW, Grand falls – 140MW)
Solar PV – 15% annual growth, 3,000 remote institutions to be
connected
Wind energy – Marsabit, Turkana, Ngong, Kinangop and Coast
regions
Biodiesel – 2.7mlts of gasoline & 6.5mlts of diesel per day by 2030
=> 148mlts for E10 and 50mlts for B2 annually by 2030.
300-1000MW nuclear power – Private sector (BOOT), 30yrs PPA
East Africa Scenario
Case of Tanzania
Land area – 945,089km2
Latitude – 1o – 12o South
Longitude - 29o – 41o East
Time zone - +3hrs GMT
Admin capital – Dodoma
Commercial capital – Dar-Es-Salaam
Language – Kiswahili, English
Population – 41million (2010 est)
GDP – 58.4 billion (2010)
GDP growth – 6.5%
GDP per capita – $1,400 (€1.060)
Energy per capita – 76kWh/yr. (‘07est)
Poverty levels – 36%
Inflation – 7.2
Economic summary
About 88,000million Ha – 62% (size of Kenya) of land is
arable
Only 10% is cultivated
Agriculture – 80% workforce, 75% export, 28.4% GDP;
services 47.6%; and industrial 24%
Main crops – coffee, cotton, tea, sisal, tobacco, sugarcane,
spices, maize, rice, cashew nuts
Exports – Gold, coffee, manufactured goods, cashew nuts,
cotton
Export partners – China 15.6%, India 11%, Japan 6.1%, UAE
5%, Germany 4% (2010)
Imports - consumer goods, machinery and transportation
equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil
 Imports partners: China 17.3%, India 15.4%, South Africa
7.9%, Kenya 7%, UAE 4.7%, Japan 4.2% (2010)
The energy sector
Primary energy
o Biomass – 90%
o Petroleum – 8%
o Electricity* – 1.5%
o Coal etc – 0.5%
Electricity access
o National – 12%
o Urban –?%
o Rural – 2%
o Grid connection
rate - 50,000ppl/yr
Electricity Mix.
o Installed – 1,092MW
o Hydro – 561MW
o Thermal – 445MW
o Cogeneration – 35.8MW
o Imports – 13MW
Biofuels status
No specific biofuels policy although cited in other policies
Biofuels quite advanced in comparison to KE & UG (37 investors)
Main biofuels; Bagasse, jatropha, oil palm
Land belongs to the Government and can lease out to anyone
Investment climate very advantageous.
Financial incentives such as taxes and duties waivers given for
investors.
Tanzania Investment Act (1997) grants investors full rights to buy
and sell land.
FDIs actively encouraged through Tanzanian Investment Centre
(facilitating land acquisition and administrative processes)
Case of Uganda
Land area – 241,039km2
Latitude – 4o N, 1o S
Longitude - 29o E, 35o E
Time zone - +3hrs GMT
Capital – Kampala
Language – English, Kiswahili*
Population – 33.4million (2010est)
GDP - $42.15 billion (2010)
GDP growth – 5.2%
GDP per capita – $1,300 (€984,4)
Energy per capita – 62kWh/yr (‘07)
Poverty levels – 31%
Economic summary
About 6,810,000 Ha – 33% of land is under cultivation
27.9% is arable and 17.5% is under forest cover
Service sector - 51.9% GDP, industrial – 26.6% GDP, agriculture
– 23.6% GDP, 31% export, 81% workforce
Natural resources – copper, cobalt, hydropower, limestone, salt,
phosphate and oil
Main crops – coffee, tea, tobacco, plantains, cassava, sweet
potatoes, bananas, millet, corn, sorghum, beans, and potatoes
Exports – Coffee, tobacco, tea, fish, textiles, corn, pulses and
electricity
Export partners – Sudan 15.3%, Kenya 10.2%, Rwanda 8.5%,
DRC 7.8%, UAE 7.7% Netherlands 6.4%, Germany 5.4%, Belgium
4.1% (2010)
Imports - Petroleum, machinery, vehicles, cereals, iron & steel,
medical supplies.
 Imports partners: Kenya 17.1%, UAE 14.1%, China 8.5%, India
8.2%, S. Africa 6.2%, Japan 5.9%, Germany 4.3% (2010)
The Energy Sector
Primary energy
o Biomass – 92%
o Petroleum – 6%
o Electricity* – 2%
Electricity access
o National – 11%
o Urban – 41.2%
o Rural – 4%
Electricity Mix.
o Hydro – 99.3%
o Thermal – 0.7%
Biofuels status
Biofuels not mentioned as possible renewable or alternatives to
fossil fuel consumption in Uganda’s policies.
The energy policy however, has elements emphasizing the use of
environmentally friendly alternative sources of energy that save on
forests.
Main Biofuels; Jatropha, sugarcane bagasse, oil palm, maize
A land resource and biofuels suitability criteria document has been
prepared by National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA)
of Uganda.
Food insecurity map
*Famine Early Warning Systems Network - USAID
Conclusion
There exists a great potential for biomass energy and some for
biofuels production too in Africa
Biofuels offer an avenue that could help improve agricultural
productivity, provide clean rural energy and improve local
economies
Policies still wanting - need for synergetic intersectoral redress
and actualization/implementation
The failure by Governments to fast-track biofuels policy
implementation for local consumption exacerbates the risk of land
grabbing by foreign investors.
Unlike the other two East African countries, Kenya exhibits a
complex case for biofuels implementation due to the limited
potential land area available for both food and biofuels
Sustainable solutions for commercial production must NOT;
o Displace indigenous people or prohibit them from access to
other valuable resources
o Greatly affect local people’s way of life and lifestyles i.e.
limit resource use options in big margins
o Encroach on wetlands, forests and other high biodiversity or
gazetted areas
o Lead to loss of biodiversity or fragmentation of natural
ecosystems
o Block wildlife migratory routes etc.
o Focus on foreign markets but the local markets
Thank you for
your Attention!!