Transcript Dias nummer 1

THE TRIPLE HELIX
Universities in the NIS the Latin American example
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
 Knowledge is a critical determinant of
economic growth and quality of life
 Knowledge is transformed into goods
and services through a country’s NIS
 Trained human brains are the most
effective movers of knowledge
 Good science is international and often
interdisciplinary
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
 Challenge
 NIS
 Response
 Triple helix
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
The challenge
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Composition of the global market for
goods
1980
Alta
tecnología
11%
Con base
en
recursos
11%
Media
tecnología
22%
Baja
tecnología
21%
2000
High
technology
22%
Other
primary
products
13%
Otros
productos
primarios
34%
Varios
1%
Resource
based
11%
Miscellane
ous
4%
Medium
technology
32%
Low
technology
18%
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Global hubs of
technological innovation
Source: Hillner (2000) and UNDP (2001)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Increased demand for knowledge
Source: Blom; Holm-Nielsen and Verner (2001)
Brazil
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
Tertiary
Upper secondary
Primary
1994
1996
Lower secondary
1998
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Some European
countries, ad especially the Caribbean and Africa,
Map 1. Percentage of expatriates to OECD countries
among all highly
skilledof
born
in the country
face significant emigration
rates
their
elites (sometimes
exceeding 50%) Source: OECD, Trends in International Migrations 2004
Cou ntry .s hp
Not av aila ble
1-3
4-8
9 - 19
20 - 83
Source: see Annex 1, Secretariat calculations based on Cohen and Soto (2001)
for highly skilled stocks in countries of origin.
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Scientists and engineers in R&D
(per million people)
Source: World Development Indicators
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
nl
an
d
Fi
C
an
ad
a
pa
in
S
a
A
rg
en
tin
le
C
hi
l
ra
zi
B
er
u
P
ex
ic
o
M
en
ez
ue
la
V
C
ol
om
bi
a
0
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Investment in R&D in percent of GDP
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D as % of GDP
Source: RICYT (2003) and OCDE (2002)
2.5
OECD
2.0
1.5
Brazil
1.0
Chile
0.5
Venezuela
Peru
0.0
Mexico
Argentina
Colombia
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Low level of R&D in private sector
Source: RICYT (2003) and OCDE (2002)
Investment in R&D by
sector in LAC (2000)
Investment in R&D by
sector in OECD (2000)
Private
34%
Public
38%
Public
66%
Private
62%
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
An OECD country comparator
R&D finance in Denmark, 1997 - 2003
70%
60%
The Danish corporate
sector
Public
50%
40%
Foreign business
30%
Other sources
20%
10%
0%
1997
1999
2001
2003
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Knowledge transfer between research
entities and companies
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2004
9,0
8,0
7,0
6,0
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
Mexico
Venezuela
Brazil
Argentina
Colombia
Chile
Sw eden
Australia
Finland
Inward orientation
of researchers
Lack of incentives
to commercialize
research and
solve real-life
problems
Red tape impeding
partnerships and
cross-sectoral
mobility
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
NIS
National Innovation System
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Meeting the challenge: Strengthen
National Innovation Systems
Technology
institutes
International
networks
Venture
capital
Ministry of
Education
Private
Universities
Public
Universities
National
Innovation
System
R&D
Institutes
Private
Sector
Government
Ministry of
Environment
Ministry of
Health
Challenges in LAC-NIS:

Insufficient coherence in sector
policies

Low stock of researchers

Low R&D expenditure

Limited private sector involvement
R&D

Deficient participation
international networks

Low quality of research

Insufficient access to risk capital
IPR
Ministry of
Defense
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
…but tensions in university-industry
relationship
 Diversity of missions
 Public goods - private property
 Spining off human capital - developing
human resources
 Individual knowledge - corporate know
how
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
The policy response
in LAC
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Triple helix
universities as drivers for change,
strengthen cohesion in the helix
A -- teaching
B -- research
C -- knowledge transfer
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Reorganizing HE in Latin American NIS´
Towards a market for HE and R&D, stimulating
demand and supply
 More effective financing of study programs (A)
 More competition for increased R&D funding (B)
 More direct contracting for services (C)
Prerequisite to: strengthen institutions (universities
and laboratories); increase economic and legal
space for leadership; create strategic management
capacity of universities
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
University governance
Decentralization, autonomy with
accountability
 Form strategic management
 Build competitive funding
 Managing system linkages
 Promoting human networks
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
New funding schemes
 Funding for teaching follows productivity
(quality and quantity) via formulas or
performance contracts
 Balancing public funding for research,
between direct and competitive including
overhead
 Contracts to respond to Government demand
 Contracts to support knowledge transfer
 Grants and contracts should be large and
multi year.
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Capitalization of knowledge
promoting university-industry linkages
 Informal contacts and contract research
 Mobility of human capital, active networks
 Research clusters, science parks, and
public-private research partnerships
 Intellectual property and spinn-off
companies
 Financing proof of concept and venture
capital
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
The triple helix at work
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
The case of Chile shows…
if university culture change
 rapid expansion of formation of advanced
human capital is possible (A)
 right conditions stimulates repatriation of highly
skilled people - reversing brain drain (A, B)
 targetted funding structures for the NIS
stimulates conditions for catching-up (B)
 strategic linkages enables the private sector to
turn science into innovation and business(C)
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006
Thanks for the invitation
[email protected]
THE UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS
Lauritz B. Holm-Nielsen, Rector
World Bank Knowledge Economy Forum, Prague, March 29, 2006