Transcript World development and interdependence

World development and
interdependence
compilation
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What is development?
Development
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Development means ''improvement in a
country's economic and social conditions''.
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It refers to improvements in how we
manage natural and human resources in
order to create wealth and improve
people's lives.
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What do we measure when we
compare the development of countries?
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How do we compare them?
Differences
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Geographers often compare levels of
development in between different countries or
regions.
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Development can be measured in terms of
either economic or human development.
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Ways of measuring development are called
development indicators.
UN Human Development Report 2007
High human development
Medium human development
Low human development
Unavailable
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What is the difference between the
level of development and rate of
growth?
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What is the most basic pattern of
development?
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Why are we interested in the past?
Measuring development
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We are interested in levels of development
and rates of growth - we compare certain
important characteristics
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We map differences and look at similarities
and patterns
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We measure how developed one country
is compared to other countries, or to the
same country in the past.
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What are MEDCs?
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What are LEDCs?
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Where are they located?
North and South
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MEDCs are countries which have a high standard of
living, more industrialised and (usually) a large GDP.
LEDCs are less industrialised countries with a low
standard of living and (usually) a much lower GDP.
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The following map shows the locations of most
LEDCs and MEDCs. Notice how most of the
southern hemisphere is less developed, while most
countries of the northern hemisphere are more
developed.
LEDCs and MEDCs
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What does it mean causes?
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What does it mean consequences?
Causes and consequences
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we try to explain what the reasons for
differences are - causes
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and what the results of these differences
are consequences
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What is economic development?
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What is human development?
Measuring development
Economic development is a measure of how
wealthy a country is - and of how this wealth
is generated (e.g. agriculture is considered less
economically advanced then banking).
Human development measures the extent to
which people have access to wealth, jobs,
knowledge, nutrition, health, leisure and safety
- as well as political and cultural freedom.
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What is the standard of living?
Standard of living
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quality and quantity of goods and services
available to people, and the way these goods
and services are distributed within a population
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What is the quality of life?
Quality of life
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is the satisfaction of people with their
environment and the way of life
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it includes health, diet, as well as protection
against pain and disease, stress, freedom,
safety, pleasure ...
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What are the main development
indicators?
Development indicators
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Health. Do all the people in a country have access to medical
care? What level of healthcare is available - basic or
advanced? Is it free or paid for?
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Industry. What type of industry predominates? LEDCs tend to
focus more on primary industries, such as farming, fishing and
mining. MEDCs focus on secondary industries, such as
manufacturing. The most advanced countries - more on tertiary
industries - services businesses, such as banking and
information technology.
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Education. Do all the people in a country have access
education? Is it free? What level of education is available (ie
primary education, secondary education or further/higher
education)?
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What is it GNP?
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What is it GDP?
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What is it GNP per capita?
Economic development indicators
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The most important of these indicators are:
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the wealth or
income of a country. GDP is the total value of goods and
services produced by a country in a year.
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Gross National Product (GNP) is another measure of a
country's wealth or income. GNP measures the total economic
output of a country, including earnings from foreign
investments which are not included in GDP.
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GNP per capita is a country's GNP divided by its population.
(Per capita means per person.)
Global GNP per capita
Gross Domestic Product
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What is it economic growth?
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What is inequality of wealth ?
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What is inflation?
Economic development indicators
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Economic growth measures the annual increase in GDP, GNP,
GDP per capita, or GNP per capita.
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Inequality of wealth is an indication of the gap in wealth and
income between a country's richest and poorest people. (eg,
the proportion of a country's wealth owned by the richest 10%
of the population, compared with the proportion owed by the
remaining 90%).
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Inflation measures how much the prices of goods, services and
wages are increasing each year. High inflation (above a few
percent) is believed by many to be a bad thing, and suggests a
government lacks of control over the economy.
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How does unemployment influence level
of development?
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What does economic structure show us ?
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What are demographics?
Economic development indicators
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Unemployment is measured by the number of people who
cannot find work.
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Economic structure shows how a country's economy is divided
between primary, secondary and tertiary industries.
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Demographics studies population growth and population
structure. It compares birth rates to death rates, shows average
ages, and compares numbers of people living in towns with
numbers living in the countryside.
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(Many LEDCs have a younger, faster-growing population than MEDCs, with more
people living in the countryside than in towns.)
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What are human development
indicators?
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Why do we use it?
Human development indicators
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Development often takes place in an uneven way, resulting in
some countries being more developed in some ways than in
others.
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A country with a very high GDP - for example, from the
exploitation of rich oil reserves - while segments of the
population still live in poverty, and lack access to basic
education, health, and decent housing.
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Human development indicators measure the non-economic
aspects of a country's development and help to give a more
balanced view of what constitutes development.