Transcript The main characteristics of the research and - WBC

National innovation system-Montenegro
Innovation dialogue, Becici 2010
Prof. dr Mira Vukcevic
The main characteristics of the research and innovation
system
•Size of the research system in relation to the economy
Fig.1: Personnel (public/private RTD)
Number of researchers working full time
Calendar
External
Number of
associates
researcher
–
s working
researcher
part-time2)
s
PhD holders
MA holders
Specialization
Higher education
TOTAL:
2000
332
211
30
69
642
150
91
2001
327
214
33
52
626
63
133
2002
330
197
16
62
605
161
177
2003
316
186
7
93
602
175
201
2004
324
199
7
67
597
98
354
2005
345
216
10
62
633
162
314
2006
356
185
20
41
602
136
267
2007
382
215
17
57
671
151
302
2008
415
255
20
76
766
117
480
year
1)
Source: MONSTAT (Statistics Office of Montenego) . The research of the MONSTAT includes mostly higher education institutions. The participation of
research and developmment units is inconsequential.
Fig.2: Number of graduates by sectors which correspond to the number of researchers by sectors
Graduates
Year
Mathematics and
Natural Sciences
Technical and
Technological
Sciences
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
151
169
331
250
199
246
412
221
173
196
189
171
279
254
302
202
Humanities and
Social Sciences
Medical sciences
TOTAL:
529
641
733
817
951
1 070
1 080
1 868
26
19
21
33
27
86
73
98
879
1 025
1 274
1 271
1 456
1 656
1 867
2 389
Source: MONSTAT (Statistics Office of Montenegro); these data include information on graduate students from high schools and academies.
The main characteristics of the research and
innovation system
Fig. 3 Gross domestic expenditure on RTD – ratio to gross domestic product (GDP)
YEAR
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
200
8
Gross domestic
expenditure on RTD
1.80
1.24
2.98
2.94
0.87
3.77
n/a
1360.1
0
0.13%
1510.1
0
0.08%
1669.8
0
0.18%
1815.0
0
0.16%
2148.9
0
0.04%
2807.9
0
0.13%
GDP
GDP %
n/a
n/a
The data are expressed in EUR million.
Source: MONSTAT (Statistical Office of Montenegro – Yearbook).
Note: These data do not comprise the expenditures of companies (business sector).
Fig. 4 Gross government expenditure on RTD – ratio to GDP
year
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
200
8
Gross Government
Expenditure on RTD
0,59
0,57
0,56
1,19
1,11
1,48
2,38
GDP %
0.044
%
0.038
%
0.034
%
0.066
%
0.052
%
0.053
%
n/a
The data are expressed in EUR million.
Source: Ministry of Education and Science, University of Montenegro, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Office for International
Scientific, Educational, Cultural and Technical Cooperation.
The main characteristics of the research and innovation
system
Fig. 5 Overview of the allocation of funds of the Ministry of Education and Science for the period
2005-2008
Year
Total €
2005
2006
2007
2008
Science and Research (SR)
projects (equipment included)
SR training/human development
International cooperation
47.00%
57.16%
57.78%
69.14%
46.40%
27.67%
22.00%
17.25%
6.60%
15.17%
20.22%
13.61%
0.72
0.6
0.88
1.67
The data are expressed in EUR million.
Source: Ministry of Education and Science of Montenegro.
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Year
Gross
business
enterprise
expenditure
2000-2008
n/a
Year
2000-2008
Gross foreign
investments in
RTD
n/a
Graph: Proposal of increase of investment in SRA (Scientific and Research Activities) by 2013
GDP %1.4
1.2
0.3 0.6
1
0.2
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.9 0.8
0.4
0.1 0.6 0.8
0.2 0.01 0.3
0 0.03
2006 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
State’s investment Investment of industry
The main structure and governance of
the national innovation system
Government
Ministry of
economy
MOES
UoM
SMEDA
RSC
Incubators
Technological parks
Spin-offs
Sstart-ups
TTO
Education-research systemoverview
• (Education)-Research performers:
 3 universities: UoM (19 faculties and 3 research institutes); University
Mediterranean (6 faculties) and University `Donja Gorica` (5 faculties)
 Independent private faculties (6-7)
 4 non-university laboratories, involved in scientific projects; still not
licensed; mainly monitoring activities
 Private foundations and research centres of public industry: NONE
 Former industrial development centres
• Research funders:
 MoES: project financing: applied research (up to 70%),
fundamental/basic (up to 100%)
Enterprise and industrial system
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•
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State-of-the-art:
 Big companies: Aluminium plant, Steel factory, Electrical supply, T-com, communications
 SMEs: share and role negligible
Key governmental players in innovation policy:
 Ministry of Economic Development
 Ministry of Education and Science
 SMEDA (Directorate for Development of SMEs)
Policies, legislation and strategies:
 Laws (business organisations, insolvencies, fiduciary transfer of PR, VAT, accounting,
foreign trade, customs, free zone, competition protection)
 Strategy for development of SMEs
 Introduction of statistical Business register
Specific programmes and instruments:
 Development funds (state support to enterpreneurship)
 Diaspora fund
 Credit lines for enterpreneurship in rural areas
 Credit lines for energy efficiency
 International donors: EU (IPA and EBRD), USAID…
Intermediaries and science-industry cooperation
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•
•
•
•
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•
•
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No TT agencies
At the level of academia: R&D Service centres, core of future TTOs
Meat processing: only sector where activities in the direction of development of a cluster
programme have been carried out
No technology/innovation centres operating in the country
No technology and science parks
First business incubator (2007), under the Development fund (Business Start-Up Centre in
Bar; Business Incubator in Podgorica)
No international activities
4 regional business centres
7 local sub-centres
1 European Information and Innovation Centre (EIICM) – SMEDA, Chamber of Economy,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Business Start-Up Center
Other related organisations:
 MIPA: Montenegrin Investment Promotion Agency
 CEED: Center for Enterpreneurship and Economic Development
 MBA: Montenegro Business Alliance
 Montenegrin Employers` Fund
Government policy making and
coordination of innovation
• No national action plan on investment in research
• Strategy for scientific research activities (SRA) (2008-2016) - the
Action plan within, sets up the aim of increasing the investment in
scientific and research activities up to 1,4% of GDP in 2013.
• Calls for proposals (Law on Scientific-Research Activities) – industry
can apply
• Compulsory co-financing of applied research
• No measures to facilitate venture capital
• Financial incentives for RTD investment by the state: remissions of
VAT and import duties on research equipment. Tax and customs
duties are laid down in laws on: scientific-research activity, Value
Added Tax, customs and Instruction of the Ministry of finance on
the manner of carrying out the rights on remission of VAT
Infrastructure related to enterpreneurship
and innovation
• There are around 12 000 active companies in
Montenegro. The official records of sales of
internet business packages is around 6000.
this implies that more than 50% of them use
internet. Here, it should also be added that
many of them use `regular` home packages.
Involvement of the country in regional research,
innovation and business development initiatives
• FP6 and 7 SEE-ERA.NET, SEE-ERA.NET+, WBC-INCO.NET and
ENHANCED; EVOLUNIMONT – evaluation of research capacities;
IDEALIST2011; SEERA-EI ; WINS ICT
• NATO SPS
• CIP – EIP
• TEMPUS programme with the complementary subject “Educationresearch-innovation, triangle” (RTD Service Center at the UoM
established within one initiative)
• COST – initiatives to join the ongoing actions have emerged
• IPA (participation in the EVAL INNO - Fostering Evaluation
Competencies in Research, Technology and Innovation in the
SEE Region; proposal still under evaluation)
Main structural deficiencies of
research and innovation system
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Lack of interdisciplinarity in research
Lack of infrastructure
Lack of incentives
Lack of information on possible funding initiatives
Concerning public support, there are several needs that can be considered as
deficiencies:
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Governance structures in terms of national committees or councils that coordinate innovation policies,
involvement of public agencies and policy makers in innovative policy design, key strategy documents or
relevant laws,
Monitoring system in terms of institutions that monitor innovation activities, indicators used to monitor
innovation,
Business to business and University to business linkages, in terms of mechanisms to support networking,
mechanism to support cooperation between the interdisciplinary research groups and business
Infrastructure and support services favoring the emergence of new clusters, in terms of business and
technology incubators, science parks,
Government source for financial support in terms of publicly funded schemes to support technological
innovation like credits, vouchers, organizational design or marketing
Access to finance, in terms of policies or agencies aimed at fostering seed financing, start-up financing
Incentive frameworks for innovation in terms of policies for providing the right incentives, policies aimed
at lowering the risks for entrepreneurial ventures
Main challenges for governance of
innovation
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Government of Montenegro should:
…accelerate transition of researchers from academic sphere to enterprises through a greater
emphasis on the mobility aspects of the best young researchers.
…also introduce tax incentives for projects which involve knowledge transfer from universities to
enterprises in order to encourage innovation in SMEs.
…encourage establishment of the Science and Technology Parks with activities to promote
networking between their tenants.
Industry:
Industrial clusters should be encouraged to move to internationalization so that they develop an
outward exporting orientation and link up with international systems of innovation.
Universities should:
…boost their incubation centers to provide more support to researchers to commercialize their
application oriented research results though the creation of new spin-off enterprises.
…establish Technology Transfer Centers to handle property rights issues and the licensing of
inventions and innovations created in university laboratories and to encourage patenting and
licensing of technologies to enterprises.
…focus on applied research activities. A record of collaboration with enterprises and participation in
joint research projects should be included in academic staff promotion criteria.
Main challenges for governance of
innovation
To improve innovative capacity in Montenegro in particular, more resources for science and
R&D will not be enough. The focus needs to shift to:
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The microeconomic capacity of WB region;
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Quality and specialization of factor conditions;
•
Sophistication of demand;
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Quality of enterprise strategies and entrepreneurship;
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Presence and depth of clusters.
• These are the qualities of the business environment that enable the transformation of
scientific knowledge into new products, services and competitive firms.
• Universities in Montenegro should be important elements of their local systems of
innovation:
•
Driver of regional technology-based development and the source of a major proportion of
local innovations and local companies;
•
A good contributor to local knowledge and to the development of local technology clusters;
•
A major source of knowledge in emerging and established clusters.
Open questions, recommendations