Transcript 幻灯片 1

Chapter 12 Problems of Third
World Urbanization
I. Urbanization in Colonial and
Postcolonial
Countries
II. Two Results of Colonialism
1. Primacy
2. Over-urbanization
III. Squatter Settlements
IV. Poverty and Modern Development
Key Terms and Words
Primate City (346-L) 特首(首位)城市
Hyper-urbanization (350-L) 过度城市化
Over-urbanization (350-L) 过度城市化
Squatter Settlements (351-R) 违章居住区（第三世
界国家城市边缘）
Barriada (351-R) 城市贫民区(尤指从农村来的贫穷
移居者聚居的贫民区)
Barrio (351-R) (拉丁美洲和菲律宾的)村庄, 村镇, 郊
区
Breese’s Typology of Urban Functions for major or
Primate Cities
In Colonial Countries
1. Markets
2. Colonial administrative center
In emerging nations
1. Markets
2. Points of foreig1contact
3. Loci of power
4. Points of social change
5. Receptacles for talent and manpower
6. Places of investment
In contemporary countries
1. Continuation of emerging functions
2. Act as centers for domestic and foreign activity
3. Magnets for rural populations
(Text P344)
Two Results of Colonialism
n Primacy (Rank-size rule)
n
Over-urbanization
Primacy
● Primacy was the condition which one city (or
perhaps two cities) is dominant over all others.
● Positive economic functions of Primate cities
a. bringing together economic forces of
production
b. bringing together markets
c. concentrating investments
d. allowing attitudes to develop that permit
accumulation of nontraditional forms of wealth
Negative Affects of Primate Cities
(1) they can become isolated and lose contact
with
the needs of rural areas ;
(2) industrialization and commercialization in the
Primate can cause many people to migrate to
the city;
(3) resources can be "eaten up" by population
expansion
and congestion;
(4) poverty can be accentuated;
(5) the primate can be regarded as an economic
parasite
by the rest of the country.
Over-urbanization
n  Hyper-urbanization is the condition that
exists when larger portions of the population live in
urban places than can be justifies by their level of
economic development. (P350)
n
 Under-urbanization
n  Hyper-urbanization along with primacy has
lead to a great deal of urban poverty and
development of large numbers of squatter
settlements.
Squatter Settlement
● Squatter settlements are particularly common
on the fringes of cities in Third World countries.
● Some social features of such settlements in
Latin American cities:
(1) had substantial urban experience
(2) spoke urban rather than rural dialects
(3) had an urban orientation
(4) had relatively high education and income,
and
(5) lived in a family setting
Poverty and Modern Development Policy
Social scientists have defined several major
impediments to national development in Third
World:
(1) lack of homogeneity and unity in goal definition
among developing countries;
(2) lack of capital and/or skilled labor in
developing countries;
(3) difficulties encountered in internalizing
development as part of the socio-cultural system;
(4) effects of global economic conditions.
Global City
n A global city (also called world city or
sometimes alpha city or world center) is a
Specialized City deemed to be an important node
point in the global economic system.
Source：Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
Economic characteristics
n
Corporate headquarters for multinational
corporations, international financial institutions, law
firms, conglomerates, and stock exchanges that
have influence over the world economy.
n
Significant financial capacity/output:
city/regional GDP
n
Stock market indices /market capitalization
n
Financial service provision; e.g., banks,
accountancy
n
Costs of living, personal wealth; e.g., number
of billionaires
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Political characteristics
n The Palace of Westminste
n
Active influence on and participation in
international events and world affairs; for example,
Washington, London, Paris, Tokyo, Berlin, Rome,
Moscow, or Beijing are major capitals of influential
nations or unions.
n
Hosting headquarters for international
organizations (World Bank), NATO headquarters
n
A large proper, population of the
municipality (the centre of a metropolitan area,
typically several million) or agglomeration
n
Diverse demographic constituencies[12]
based on various indicators:[13] population,
habitat,[14] mobility,[15] and urbanisation[16]
n
Quality of life standards[17] or city
development[18]
n
Expatriate communities
Cultural characteristics
The Louvre in Paris
n
International, first-name familiarity. For
example, Los Angeles is commonly referred to as
just L.A. without knowing the actual name or if its
in the United States.
n
Renowned cultural institutions (often with
high endowments), such as notable museums and
galleries, notable opera, orchestras, notable film
centers and theatre centers. A lively cultural scene,
including film festivals (such as the Toronto
International Film Festival), premieres, a thriving
music scene, nightlife, an opera company, art
galleries, street performers, and annual parades.
n
Several influential media outlets with an
international reach, such as the BBC, Reuters, The
New York Times, or Agency France-Press.
n
A strong sporting community, including
major sports facilities, home teams in major league
sports, and the ability and historical experience to
host international sporting events such as the
Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup, or Grand Slam
tennis events.[19]
n
Educational institutions; e.g.,
universities,[20] international student
attendance,[21] research facilities
n
Sites of pilgrimage for world religions (for
example, Mecca, Jerusalem or Rome)
n
Cities containing World Heritage Sites of
historical and cultural significance[22]
n
Tourism throughout
n
City as site or subject in Arts and Media,
television, film, video games, music, literature,
magazines, articles, documentary
n
City as an often repeated historic
reference, showcase, or symbolic actions