Transcript Lecture 30

Lecture 30
NATURAL RESOURCE PLANNING AND
MANAGEMENT
Dr. Aneel SALMAN
Department of Management Sciences
COMSATS Institute of Information
Technology, Islamabad
Recap Lecture 29
• Energy Policy and Pakistan
Lecture Outline
1. Agriculture sector
2. Agricultural policies
Agriculture Sector
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Agriculture is not confined to cultivation of the land, growing and harvesting
seasonal crops.
Agriculture includes:
– Livestock breeding Livestock contribution to agriculture value added stood at
55.9 percent while it contributes 11.8 percent to the national GDP during
2013-14
– Fish farming. Although small contribution in GDP, still earns foreign exchange
through export. Good nutritional value of fish with protein content of 15 to 20
percent. Important source of livelihood for coastal inhabitants. During the
year 2013-14 (July- March), a total of 103,833 metric tonnes of fish and fish
preparations were exported earning US$ 253.1 million
– Poultry farming has emerged as good substitute of beef and mutton This
sector has contributed 1.3 percent in GDP during 2013-14 while it’s
contribution in agriculture and livestock value added stood at 6.1% and 10.8 %
respectively. Poultry meat contributes 28.0% of the total meat production in
the country.
– Forestry. 4.8 of total land is under forest, recommended level is 20-25%, bad
environmental conditions
Two Leading Successes of Pakistani Agriculture
• Green Revolution in the late 1960s
What is Green Revolution:
• “The Green Revolution means introduction of new technology in
agriculture sector, in order to increase its production through different
measures .” Many of the world’s countries made diversified efforts
through following measures:
• i . Introduction of new high yield varieties of wheat, rice, and maize
• ii. Improvement in per acre yield through quality fertilizers to compensate
for land deficiencies in many less developed countries.
• iii. Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the acreage a single farmer
can tend by reducing the time required to disinfect the crop.
iv. Irrigation has made double cropping feasible in many countries where
formerly one harvest a year was standard.
v. New methods of rotating crops were developed which increased land
productivity.
vi. New shorter plants have been discovered that are more responsive to
fertilizer. Similarly, some sturdier types are more disease-resistant.
vii. Botanists have been able to breed the photosensitive genes out of plants
. Making planting possible at any time of the year.
Impact of Green Revolution:
Impact of Green Revolution Green Revolution had impact on Production,
Consumption Overall Societal Development, leading to a tangible increase in
production of agri produce, and its easy and cheaper supply to the consumer.
Impact on Agricultural Production:
Impact on Agricultural Production Growth Plan Growth Rate of Agri. Sector First 1.8%
Second 3.8% Third 6.0% Which indicates that due to green revolution the average
annual growth rate has doubled. Wheat Production Year Million Tons 1959-60 3.7
1968-69 6.8 Sources: Pakistan Economic Survey, Ministry of Finance, (Various Issues)
Impact on Agricultural Production:
Impact on Agricultural Production Per Acre Yield Year Million Tons 1963-64 11.1
1968-69 17.0 Agricultural Income Year Income (In current prices)Rs. billion 1959-60
7.7 1969-70 15.5
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Benefits of Green Revolution:
Benefits of Green Revolution General Factors High yield varieties were introduced, which
gave more production. Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was observed. Better quality
pesticides and insecticides increased acreage of land. Better management of human
resource was made through optimal utilization of already available farm labor and induction
of newly trained laborers. An effective utilization of non-human resources was made. Water
availability was ensured, keeping in view its quantity required.
Impact on Employment:
Impact on Employment The introduction of the new high yielding wheat and rice technology
has resulted in an increase in the demand for labor. The net effect of the increase in
demand for labor lead to a significant rise in real wages. The increase in labor use has been
due to greater labor utilization per unit of cropped area, and in some cases to high cropping
intensity. Even mechanized forms typically were utilizing increased labor inputs per hectare
although simulation results conducted by some researchers indicate that labor inputs per
hectare might be expected to decline substantially under fully mechanized techniques
combined with adoptions of the HYV technology
Tripling in cotton production over the 1980s due to the use of quality seed and proper
incentives to the sector.
Agriculture Sector
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1947- Agriculture accounted for 53% of GDP. 2005- 23% of GDP, 21% of GDP in 2013.
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Pakistan ranks 5th in Muslim World & 20th worldwide in farm output.
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Pakistan is world’s 5th largest milk producer.
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In 2005 Wheat production was 21.591 million metric tons- more than all of Africa and
nearly as much as all of South America. (FAO)
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Livestock sector contributes half of the value added in agriculture sector amounting to
nearly 11% of GDP- more than the crop sector.
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Pakistan is Asia’s largest camel market, Second largest apricot and ghee market, third
largest Cotton, Onion and Oil market.
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Fisheries provide direct employment to 400,000 and indirect employment to 500,000
people. It contributes approx $ 120 million to exports
Agriculture Sector
• Agricultural crops such as cotton and sugar cane provide raw material for
two of the most imp industries in Pak i.e textile and sugar.
• Pak’s unsatisfactory agri performance is mainly due to traditional methods
of cultivation, illiterate ad uninformed rural population.
• Total supply of Agri credit has increased from Rs. 87 million in 1959-60 to
Rs. 255.7 billion in 2013-14.
• Supply for other inputs has been increased i.e tractors imported and
locally manufactured, fertilizers, seeds, irrigation
• Despite of this increased input, the output has not been increased
accordingly.
• There is a decreasing returns to scale in agri sector.
Recent Performance
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The agriculture has lost significant growth momentum as its growth slowed down
to 2.7 % in 2000s as against 4.4& in 1990s and 5.4% in 1980s. Agriculture sector
recorded a growth of 2.1 percent in 2013-14
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The structural problem and lack of mechanization remained main impediment to
growth.
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Major crops remained the victim of natural calamities during the last few years
and three out of last four years witnessed negative growth in the major crop
sector. It causes declining trend of agriculture sector contribution in GDP.
Production of Important Crops
Salient Features
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Agriculture employs 44% of the work force in the country.
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93% of those engaged in agriculture are small farmers.
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Total geographical area 79.6 million hectares. 27% of this area under cultivation.
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80% of this area irrigated, but approx. 20% of area in Irrigation Canal. Most of the
area is affected by water logging and salinity. An additional area of 2.8 million ha.
affected by solidity.
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no subsidies, high cost of inputs, crop and livestock insurance, lack of veterinary
services, lack of mechanization, primitive management and use of modern
techniques, lack of education and training, seed quality, research and
dissemination of knowledge
Salient Features
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undocumented economy
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lack of investment
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lack of delivery mechanism
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No Corporaization (as considered attempt to create big business)
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Lack of land reforms
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Lack of organized markets hence fair value assessment
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Lack of reliable statistics
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Institutional Arrangements
Major & Minor Crops
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Important crops account for 25.24 percent of agricultural value addition.
This sub-sector has recorded a growth of 3.74 percent compared to a growth
of 1.19 percent last year.
The important crops includes all major crops like wheat, maize, rice,
sugarcane and cotton which registered growth at 4.44 percent, 7.27
percent,22.79 percent, 4.27 percent and 2.00 percent, respectively.
Other major crops are tobacco, mustard and rapeseed, maize and barley.
Minor crops are major oil seed crops i.e cottonseed, rapeseed/mustard,
sunflower, canola.
Other Crops: Other crops have share of 11.65 percent to value addition in
overall agriculture sector. This subsector of agriculture has witnessed a
growth at 3.53 percent against the growth of 6.05 percent last year. This
decline in growth of minor crops was mainly due to 36.8 percent lower
production of gram, 7.8 percent less production of Potatoes, 5.1 percent
decline in production of masoor and 5.4 percent decrease in other pulses.
Series of Major Problems
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Firstly, despite the policy makers stress on crop diversification, the economy is
dependent on cotton for more than half of its export earnings. This strong
dependence is dangerous given the climatic and viral-induced setbacks that
cotton production has historically experienced throughout Pakistan’s history.
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Secondly, the avowed objective of food security, which should have been possible
given the favorable resource endowment of the country __ one of the largest
irrigation systems in the world__ has not been achieved so far.
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Thirdly, the rapid increase in population, with the growth rate estimated at 3
percent has substantially reduced the per capita agricultural production rate.
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Fourthly, growth in the most recent decade has come from more extensive, and
not intensive, agriculture.
Series of Major Problems
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Fifthly, productivity growth in agriculture has been small according to a number of
indicators___ output per hectare, output per unit of a single factor, yield gaps
between average and best farmer yields, and total factor productivity.
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Sixthly, the government price system has been criticized for inducing a number of
distortions and incorrectly trying to remedy the situation through a series of input
subsidies.
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Finally, erratic and inconsistent policies and poor planning and management, for
example of the irrigation system, deficiency in providing fertilizer, lack of quality
control on pesticides, inadequate investment in rural infrastructure, and improper
research and extension services, have all played havoc with Pakistan’s agriculture.
Agriculture Credit
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ZTBL, Commercial Banks, Cooperatives and other private domestic banks are the
main providers of credit to the farmers.
At present 31 Commercial, Microfinance Banks and Islamic Banks with around
3,950 agriculture designated branches are facilitating farmers by extending
agriculture credit throughout the country.
The Agricultural Credit Advisory Committee (ACAC) meeting held on February 17,
2014 where SBP has approved an upward revision in the provisional agriculture
disbursement target of Rs. 360.0 billion to Rs. 380.0 billion of 2013-14.
Purpose-wise disbursement of loans. Short term/seasonal loans.
Credit to Women Program.
Microcredit Scheme. Rs. 25,000 can be advanced to both men and women against
security. Loans are recoverable within 18 months.
Credit Disbursement to Farm &
Non-Farm Sectors
Major Issues in Agri. Credit
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High cost of borrowing - Cost of borrowing vis-a-vis rate of interest?
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Perceived high risk associated with agriculture lending
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Hassles in credit delivery
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complex documentation, collateral requirement, delays, under financing
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Limited access to credit to tenant farmers/ oral lessees/share croppers
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Provision of adequate & timely credit
Phases of agricultural growth.
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Phase 1 lasted upto 1960, period of agricultural neglect, resulting in low annual
growth of1.5%.
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Phase 2.Between 1960-65 trend was reversed, growth rate was 3.9%
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Phase 3. 7.78% between1965-70, period of Green Revolution
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Phase 4 i.e between 1970-77 growth rate declined to 1.67% due to number of
exogenous and policy related features.
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In terms of dependent population. 82% in 1951, 77.5% in 1961, 74.3% in 1972,
71.72% in 1981 and 79% in 1991.
Agri Pricing Policy
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The pricing policy of agri input and output determine direction of agri productivity
and also income distribution of small farmers.
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A good agri pricing policy can be defined as the one where prices act as an
incentive to produce certain goods in required quantities.
Agri Pricing Policy
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National Commission of Agri (NCA) analyzed the issues in the pricing policy of the
first two decades.
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Govt fixed the consumer retail prices of agri goods at low levels which depressed
the market prices for producers.
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Heavy export duties were imposed on cotton to facilitate local industry.
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Inter district and inter province restrictions on movement were imposed.
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For a decade after independence, no systematic attempt was taken to develop
agri sector.
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Industrial sector was highly protected at the cost of agri sector
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Barter trade was a common feature where agri products were exchanged for
industrial machinery and input.
Agri Pricing Policy
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Due to these policies agri sector was taken as a medium to protect industrial
sector. NCA argued that the main objective of the pricing policy of 1960-65 was to
provide low cost food to urban population, to provide cheap raw material for agri
production, to keep the wages of agri workers low.
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First step govt took to encourage agri output was to subsidize agri inputs which
cover seeds, fertilizers, tube wells, plant protection and agri machinery.
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But this policy was biased towards large farmers.
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Argument was raised to look beyond the input subsidizing policy.
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Concept of min price support program was introduced to protect farmers from
fluctuations in international prices
Agri Income Tax
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There are arguments on whether agri income should be taxed or not.
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NCA is against this argument and says that agri holdings are too small to generate
taxable income.
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Agri is a risky business and heavily depends on natural factors which creates
uncertainty in final output.
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No proper insurance of agri output.
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Agri sector pays the largest percentage of indirect taxes i.e 42% of all indirect
taxes, so it should not be taxed more.
Agri Income Tax
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On the other hand National Taxation Reforms Commission (NTRC) has evaluated
policies of imposing a tax on agriculture.
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There is a group of landowners who reside in urban areas and made investment
in real estate with income from their agri business.
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Since they pay no tax, so they are questioned by traders and salaried class to pay
tax.
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Many traders have purchased agri land with an intent to escape from income tax.
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Many large farmers are earning handsome amount of money from agri.
Recommended Books
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Ishrat Husain, “Pakistan: The economy of an
Press.
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Zaidi, S. Akbar,(1999),“Issues in Pakistan Economy”, Oxford University Press.
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Saeed, K. Amjad,(2007)“Economy of Pakistan, Institute of Business Management,
Lahore.
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Economics Survey of Pakistan (Latest Issues), Economic Advisor’s Wing, Ministry
of Finance, Government of Pakistan
elitist state”, Oxford University