Transcript Johannesburg is located in the Witwatersand Hills of South Africa

Geography videoclip
#2 Sudan
#1 Algeria
919,595 mi. sq.
#3 Democratic
Republic of Congo
875,525 mi. sq.
Land size
917,379 mi. sq.
#2 Ethiopia
82,544,840
#1 Nigeria
146,255,312
#3 Democratic
Republic of Congo
66,514,504
Population
Gabon $16,300
Botswana
$16,100
South Africa
$11,000
Per capita GDP
Population Density
of Africa
Africa’s population is
unevenly distributed.
Population is
concentrated near the
coast.
Africa has a huge
plateau which covers
most of the southern
and eastern part of the
continent.
Escarpment
Def.: A steep slope with a
nearly flat plateau on top.
Escarpment
Giraffes
Escarpments are
found along the
edges of the plateau
in southern and
eastern Africa.
Climate: similar climates north and south of the equator.
Climate
• TROPICAL WET: Found
in the center of the continent
around the equator.
Rainforest.
• TROPICAL WET & DRY:
Found north and south of the
equator. Mixed forest and
grassland.
• SEMIARID: Found
between tropical zones and
the deserts. Grassland.
• ARID: Found between 20*
and 30* N and S latitude.
Desert.
Congo River System
Victoria Falls on the
Zambezi River
Waterfalls and rapids on many of Africa’s
rivers impede transportation.
Boyoma Falls on the Congo River
Waterfalls and rapids on many of Africa’s
rivers make transportation difficult.
Bujagali Falls where the Nile spills
out of Lake Victoria in Uganda.
Waterfalls and rapids on many of Africa’s
rivers impede transportation.
Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls
Victoria Falls
“The smoke that thunders.”
Smooth coastline
• Africa has a smooth
coastline which lacks
natural harbors.
• There are few ports
where large ships can
harbor.
• Advantage: It was
difficult to invade Africa.
• Disadvantage: Africa
remained isolated from
the rest of the world for a
long time.
Landlocked countries
What is the disadvantage
of being landlocked?
A: It is difficult to
transport goods to and
from the sea. (import and
export)
Lagos is a port city of 8 million, the second largest city in Africa
after Cairo, Egypt.
Lagos’ port is one of the
busiest in Africa. Exports
include timber and
agricultural products such
as cacao.
Lagos is not a top pick for tourists. It “has a reputation
for chaos, danger and squalor” among foreigners. The
U.S. State Department has listed Lagos’ airport among
the world’s most dangerous.
Garbage lines the streets in the Ajegunle slum in Lagos, Nigeria,
where an estimated 3 million live. Local residents call it the
“Jungle.’’
Dakar, the capital of Senegal, is on a peninsula on the
west coast of Africa.
Dakar, a city of about 2.5 million, is one of the more
modern cities on Africa.
The Tours Minam, a pair of 33-story towers, is under
construction in downtown Dakar.
The Pointe de Almadies beach on the Atlantic Ocean
in Dakar.
Dakar is one of the most important African port cities.
Goree Island, off the
coast of Dakar, was a
warehouse for slaves
awaiting shipment to the
Americas.
"For hundreds of years on this island peoples of different
continents met in fear and cruelty. Today we gather in respect
and friendship, mindful of past wrongs and dedicated to the
advance of human liberty."
President George W. Bush, July 8, 2003
Johannesburg has the largest
economy of any city in subSaharan Africa.
Johannesburg is located in the Witwatersand Hills of
South Africa. What explains Johannesburg’s location?
Gold was discovered in 1886. Diamonds were also
found in the Witwatersand Hills.
Blue Nile
White Nile
A dust cloud rolls toward Khartoum.
A dust cloud rolls toward Khartoum.
Dust storms known as “haboobs” often
darken Khartoum.
What is the main religion
in Khartoum?
Africa has huge stores of diamonds,
gold and alloys.
Africa is a storehouse of mineral wealth.
Africa’s rainforest is
vanishing rapidly due
to commercial
logging and slash &
burn agriculture.
How fertile is
rainforest soil?
• Rainforest soil lacks important nutrients such as
phosphorous, potassium, calcium and magnesium.
• Q: How can such nutrient poor soil support such
thick vegetation?
• A: Rainforest nutrients come from decaying plant
matter.
Africa’s southern
deserts.
Why are these deserts
located here?
Africa’s southern
deserts.
Why are these deserts
located here?
wind direction
Kalahari
Africa’s southern
deserts.
Namib
SAHEL
• The boundary zone between
the Sahara desert and the
more fertile areas to the
south.
• The sahel is mostly savanna
grassland.
• The sahel is vulnerable to
drought and desertification.
SAHEL
• The boundary zone
between the Sahara desert
and the more fertile areas
to the south.
• The sahel is mostly
savanna grassland.
• The sahel is vulnerable to
drought and
desertification.
Africa has many
nature parks and
preserves to
protect unique
animals and their
habitat.
Some national parks in the Congo region are
specifically to protect lowland gorillas.
Even with protection, Africa’s wildlife is in
serious peril from poaching and loss of habitat.
Some species are in danger of extinction.
Maybe cycling in Africa isn’t such a good idea.
Primary economic activities.
A large percentage of
the African population is
engaged in subsistence
agriculture.
Def: Farming to raise enough
food for a small group of people
with little or no surplus to sell.
A large percentage of
the African population is
engaged in subsistence
agriculture.
Nomadic herding
The Masai tribe of Kenya and Tanzania cling to their
semi-nomadic lifestyle despite encouragement by the
government to settle.
Nomadic herding
Cattle define the Masai way of life.
Slash and burn
Rainforest is destroyed to clear land for farming.
Plantation agriculture
Land owned by a few rich and worked by many poor.
Africa is a major exporter of raw materials such
as timber.
When raw materials are used to manufacture finished
products in other countries, who makes the most money?
Africa is a major exporter of raw materials such
as timber.
The seller of finished products makes more profit than the
seller of raw materials.
Poorly developed infrastructure.
Rural road repair in Malawi.
Poorly developed infrastructure.
Wheelbarrows are
used for trash
removal in Kinshasa,
capital of Congo.
Poorly developed infrastructure.
Millions of Africans lack
access to clean drinking
water.
The Earth at night.
What does this tell you about the infrastructure of Africa?
The economies of
most African
countries are growing
very slowly, if at all…
Growth of GDP
Population growth
…while the population grows faster than
anywhere else in the world.
Desertification
Def.: An expansion of dry areas to moist areas
that are next to deserts.
Desertification
What could cause an expansion of the desert?
Desertification
What could cause an expansion of the desert?
• Overgrazing, poor farming techniques,
drought, fire, or deforestation cause loss of
plants.
• Nutrient rich soil is exposed to erosion and is
blown away.
• Plant life is unable to re-establish itself.
• 43% of the African
continent is desert.
• The areas shown in
red and orange are at
high risk for
desertification.
• Desertification makes poverty
and political instability worse.
• Entire communities suffer from
water scarcity and famine.
• Children (especially girls)
cannot attend school because
they're forced to walk long
distances to get firewood.
• Millions of people are
displaced from their homes,
creating severe pressures in
the places in which they resettle.
• Conflicts between countries,
even armed conflict, can
result.
Demographics are typical
of developing economies.
• Low per capita GDP
• Low life expectancy
• High population growth rate
• High infant mortality
• Large % of population under
age 15
• Low literacy rates
Human Development Index
157. Eritrea
158. Nigeria
159. Tanzania (U. Rep. of)
160. Guinea
161. Rwanda
162. Angola
163. Benin
164. Malawi
165. Zambia
166. Côte d'Ivoire
167. Burundi
168. Congo (Dem. Rep. of)
169. Ethiopia
170. Chad
171. Central African Republic
172. Mozambique
173. Mali
174. Niger
175. Guinea-Bissau
176. Burkina Faso
177. Sierra Leone
Demographics are typical
of developing economies.
• Low per capita GDP
• Low life expectancy
• High population growth rate
• High infant mortality
• Large % of population under
age 15
• Low literacy rates
Human Development Index
157. Eritrea
158. Nigeria
159. Tanzania (U. Rep. of)
160. Guinea
161. Rwanda
162. Angola
163. Benin
164. Malawi
165. Zambia
166. Côte d'Ivoire
167. Burundi
168. Congo (Dem. Rep. of)
169. Ethiopia
170. Chad
171. Central African Republic
172. Mozambique
173. Mali
174. Niger
175. Guinea-Bissau
176. Burkina Faso
177. Sierra Leone
Life expectancy in
Zambia is 40.5 years.
Literacy rate in Burkina
Faso is 23.5%.
Per capita GDP in
Malawi is $667 per
year.
Large number of
refugees in Africa.
Refugee: (def)
Someone who flees
from war or natural
disaster.
Large number of
refugees in Africa.
Rwandan refugee
camp in Congo.
Sudanese refugee
camp in Chad.
Large number of
refugees in Africa.
Large number of
refugees in Africa.
Life doesn’t get
worse than this.
African poverty videoclip
Ethnic Groups
There are thousands of ethnic groups in Africa.
Each with its own language and customs.
Masai – Kenya and
Tanzania
Ethnic Groups
There are thousands of ethnic groups in Africa.
Each with its own language and customs.
Dinka – along
the White Nile
Fulani – grasslands of
West Africa
Ethnic Groups
There are thousands of ethnic groups in Africa.
Each with its own language and customs.
Surma warrior -Ethiopia
Afar bride -Djibouti
Ethnic Groups
There are thousands of ethnic groups in Africa.
Each with its own language and customs.
Hausa – northern
Nigeria
San – Kalahari Desert
Languages
More than 250 languages are spoken in Nigeria.
Country names
Some countries in
Africa are named
after historical
empires.
National boundaries
Until the late 1800s,
African empires were
governed by Africans.
National boundaries
By the late 1800s, some European nations had
established small colonies along the African coast.
National boundaries
In 1884-85, at the Berlin Conference in Germany, European nations
carved up the entire continent into huge colonies. No African rulers
were invited to the conference. Boundaries were based on the location
of resources and transportation routes.
National boundaries
Colonial Africa after the
Berlin Conference of
1884-85.
Griots
• Part of west African
culture.
• Musicians,
storytellers and
historians.
• Griots maintain a
knowledge of history.
• History is retold orally.
Griots are still part of
African culture.
Masks
Masks were part of most
African ceremonies.
Masks
Masks were used in
initiation and fertility
rites, in religious and
funeral ceremonies.
Masks
They were also used in
comedy and theatrical
performances.
Masks
A mask was believed to
give the person wearing it
the power of certain
spirits for the duration of
the ceremony.
Sculpture
African sculpture comes
in a wide variety of styles
and materials.
Sculpture
The variety reflects the
wide range of cultures
and traditions in Africa.
Dance
There are various dance styles in African culture. One
common element is that African dance is polycentric.
Instead of the body being “one unit,” different parts of
the body move in different ways resulting in very
complex movements.
Dance
Common types of dance:
• Warrior dance
• Dance of love
• Rite of passage/coming
of age dance
• Welcome dance
Masai warrior dance
Dress
Traditional attire of Africa
(esp. west Africa) is very
colorful.
Men’s kente shirt (Ghana)
Men’s dashiki
The U.S. President and First Lady visit Benin in
West Africa.
Jewelry
A wide variety of materials
– shells, beads, metal, etc.
– are used to create
African jewelry.
Fang videoclip