Transcript Pilot integrated ecosystem assessment

Module 4
Collecting evidence and raising
awareness
Country-led environmental and climate
change mainstreaming
Tools supporting awareness raising
and partnership building
Preliminary
assessments
Governmental,
institutional
and political
contexts
Developmentenvironmentclimate change
linkages
Understanding
environmental
challenges and
cc science
Assessing
evidence
Climate Change
Vulnerability
and adaptation
assessments
Integrated
Ecosystems
Assessments
Macro and meso
economic
analysis
Engaging key
actors
Awareness
raising &
partnership
building
Communication
& advocacy
strategy
Demonstration
or pilot projects
Adapted from: UNDP-UNEP (2009, 2011)
National
consensus on
and
commitment
environmental
and climate
change
mainstreaming
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Integrated Ecosystem Assessment
• Bridge between science and policy
• Uses of an Integrated Ecosystem Assessment:
• Identify priorities of action and analyse trade-offs
• Provide foresight in relation to the likely
consequences of decisions affecting ecosystems
• Identify response options to achieve human
development and sustainability goals
• Provide a framework and source of tools for
assessment, planning and management
• Act as a benchmark for future assessments and
guide future research
Source: UNDP-UNEP (2009)
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Integrated Ecosystem Assessment
Endogenous
and
exogenous
drivers
Changes in
ecosystem
services:
Changes in
ecosystem
condition:
•
•
•
Biophysical
Chemical
Biodiversity
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•
•
•
Provisioning
Regulating
Supporting
Cultural
Human
wellbeing:
•
•
•
Income
Health
Povert
y
Evaluating
trade-offs
Intrinsic
value
Adapted from: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
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Approach to Integrated Ecosystem
Assessment
1. Assessment of conditions and trends in
ecosystems and their services
2. Development of future scenarios
3. Consideration of response options
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Pilot integrated ecosystem
assessment – Bugesera, Rwanda
Adapted from: UNEP/UNDP/GOR (2007)
Human well-being & poverty
reduction
Material well-being: Agricultural
productivity decreases and impacts on
human well-being and poverty.
Health: Poor water & sanitation and water
quality, limited access to IRVs
Security: Deteriorates / fewer resources.
Freedom of choice and action:
Diminishes/limited capacity and access to
resources
Indirect drivers
Demographic: If conditions get very bad
(drought, famine, etc) might be
migration; if rains good then population
growth.
Economic: As result of poor health and
productivity, economy weakens
Socio-political: Could become unstable
due to conflict over resources
Cultural: Could increase tensions
depending on availability or resources
Ecosystems & their services
Direct drivers
Water: Increase in water stress/ drying
up of lakes, wetlands cultivated, access to
main water supply is limited
Food: Lowered productivity and overall
decrease in food production
Fuel wood: Lack of fuel wood; limited
access to alternative energy sources
Biodiversity: Decline, indigenous species
disappearing, wildlife habitat lost
Land use: Encroaching and cultivation of
marginal and protected areas.
Water use: Dependency on lakes
unreliable and poor water quality.
Exploitation of wetlands and irrigation
schemes not sustainable.
Pollution: Prevalence of water-borne
diseases bound to increase due to poor
sanitation standards and poor quality.
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From climate change effects to
adaptation
Modelling of climate
change
Global
Circulation
Models
Regional
Circulation Models
Downscaled
models
Assessment
of impacts
Vulnerability
assessment
Identification
of adaptation
measures
Sector-specific
Models
- Crop growth
- Disease-vector
distribution
- Water flows
Source: Palerm (2013)
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Source: Acclimatise and Collingwood Environmental Planning (2013)
Different approaches to impact and vulnerability
assessments
Source: Dessai and Hulme (2004)
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Steps in community vulnerability &
adaptation assessment
Source: IPCC (2007c)
4th Assessment Report,
WG II - Fig. 16.3
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Mapping vulnerability
Exhibit 3 – Highly granular geographic information has been used to
segment assets according to their elevation above sea level
Elevation map of central Apia
Elevation
Approach
• Starting point was a
digital map of
Samoa with contour
lines (2m lines in
coastal areas)
• In a second step, a
more granular
segmentation of
coastal areas was
obtained by using
state-of-the-art GIS
software
• Finally, geocoordinates of
buildings and roads,
were used to
determine the asset
exposure to coastal
flooding risk
0m
1m
2m
>4 m
Building
Road
Source: Economics of Climate Adaptation (2009) Test case on Samoa – Focus on
risks caused by sea level rise, Fig. 03, p. 122
SOURCE: Team analysis
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Macro- and meso-economic
analysis (environment and climate change)
• Economic analysis may be a powerful tool for
motivating policy makers to take action
• Macro level: analysis of the impact environmental
degradation and/or climate change may have on the
national economy
• Meso level: analysis at the level of key sectors or subsectors of the national economy
• The costs of inaction (environmental degradation and/or
climate-related losses) are compared with the net
benefits of taking action (avoided losses minus costs)
• The analysis should also consider the distribution of
losses and benefits (among social groups, regions...) 12
The natural wealth of nations
• Natural capital accounts for 26% of total wealth in
low-income countries; 13% in middle-income
countries and 2% in high-income countries (World
Bank, 2006)
• For example (UNEP-UNDP, 2009):
• Fisheries contribute more than 10% GDP in
Cambodia, Kiribati and Maldives
• Forestry make up from about 30-40% of national
exports in Cameroon, CAR and Liberia
• Agriculture, forestry and fisheries contribute about
1/3 of Uganda’s GDP
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Economic analysis
• Aspects of pro-poor economic growth likely to have
resonance with decision-makers:
• Achieving national economic growth and upholding
sector output
• Generating public revenues
• Reducing expenditures
• Alleviating and reducing poverty
• Meeting MDGs
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Economic analysis in Tajikistan
• 97% of agricultural land has some
level of erosion
• Overgrazing affects 85% of pastures
• The majority of the population
depends on agriculture for their
livelihoods
• Economic costs of land degradation
associated to foregone production on
degraded and unused agricultural
land: US$442 million /7.8% GDP)
• Actual costs can be much higher, if
taking into account off-site costs
Demonstration
Test what
works and
does not
work
(relevance,
effectiveness)
Help foster
interest and
commitment
of national
authorities &
other
stakeholders
projects
Support
lesson
drawing for
adaptive
management
Demonstration
/pilot projects
Mobilise
communities,
local/regional
authorities &
other
stakeholders
Create
motivation and
knowledge for
replication/
scaling-up
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Source: UNDP-UNEP (2011)
Demonstration project: pasture management in
Suusamyr, Kyrgyzstan
• Pastures degradation is a serious constraint
• An electronic “E-Pasture Committee” GIS-based system for
allocation of grazing rights was established at the local level
to guarantee the carrying capacity and recovery of pastures
• Income is used to maintain the system and enhance
infrastructure (e.g. bridges to access distant grazing lands)
• The experience will be replicated in other regions
Raising awareness and building
partnerships (1)
• Assessing available evidence:
• using the findings of relevant studies and
demonstration/pilot projects
• Engaging key actors:
• identifying and mobilising key organisations
involved in development at the national and sector
levels
• identifying and mobilising ‘champions’
Who might be good
champions?
Are there already
champions?
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Example: securing a champion
• In Kyrgyzstan, the Minister of Economy is the
champion for Poverty-Environment
Mainstreaming
• Has played an important advocacy role in
Government and with Parliament
• Was key to develop a National Sustainable
Development Strategy and Action Plan
• Promotes key tools and approaches such as SEA,
sustainable development oriented strategic
planning (law and guidelines) and mainstreaming
in the budgeting process
Raising awareness and building
partnerships (2)
• Developing and implementing a communication
and advocacy strategy in support of
mainstreaming:
• Define the target audience to be informed or
influenced
• Develop policy-relevant messages and materials
based on evidence collected (e.g. policy briefs, radio
programmes)
• Select and use appropriate communication channels
for the various target groups (e.g. media, sector
working groups)
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Communication & Advocacy
Strategies
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Recap – Key messages
• Awareness raising and partnership building help
build consensus and commitment to mainstreaming
• Assess evidence about the state of the environment, climate
change and their impacts as a starting point
• evidence may be available, inter alia, from ecosystem
assessments, vulnerability and adaptation assessments,
economic analysis and demonstration projects
• new evidence may need to be generated
• Strategic approach needed for knowledge management,
communication and advocacy – ‘champions’ play an important
role
• Evidence supports engagement of key actors and the
development of a communication and advocacy strategy 22
Key references
• UNEP (2005) Communicating Sustainability: How to
produce effective public campaigns. United Nations
Environment Programme, Nairobi
• Adaptation Learning Mechanism knowledge-sharing
platform: http://www.adaptationlearning.net/
• Hassan, R; Scholes, E and Ash, N (Eds.) (2005). Ecosystems
and Human Well-Being: findings of the condition and trends
Working Group v.1: Current State and Trends (Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment). Island Press:
• World Bank – Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change web
pages:
http://climatechange.worldbank.org/content/economicsadaptation-climate-change-study-homepage
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References
•
•
Acclimatise and Collingwood Environmental Planning (2013) World Bank Social
Dimensions of Climate Change (SDCC) findings for the SDCC study of Armenia,
Azerbaijan and Moldova. World Bank, draft (work in progress).
Dessai, S and Hulme, M (2004) Does climate adaptation policy need probabilities? Climate
Policy, 4: 107-128.
•
Downing T. & Patwardhan A. (2004) Assessing Vulnerability for Climate Adaptation. In:
Lim B. & Spanger-Siegfried E. (eds.) (2004) Adaptation Policy Frameworks for Climate
Change: Developing Strategies, Policies and Measures. United Nations Development
Programme/Cambridge University Press, New York. Available from:
http://www.undp.org/climatechange/adapt/apf.html
•
Economics of Climate Adaptation Working Group (2009) Shaping climate-resilient
development: a framework for decision-making. Climate Works Foundation, Global
Environment Facility, European Commission, McKinsey & Company, The Rockfeller
Foundation, Standard Chartered Bank & Swiss Re. Available from:
http://www.mckinsey.com/clientservice/Social_Sector/our_practices/Economic_Developm
ent/Knowledge_Highlights/Economics_of_climate_adaptation.aspx
•
IPCC (2007c) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution
of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change [Parry M.L., Canziani O.F., Palutikof J.P., van der Linden P.J. & Hanson
C.E. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & New York, NY, USA. Available
from: www.ipcc.ch
•
Palerm, J (2013) Climate change impact and vulnerability assessments. Presentation
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made at the First Regional Technical Meeting of the Intra-ACO GCCA Programme, 16-17
July 2013, San Ignacio, Belize.
References
• UNDP-UNEP (2009) Mainstreaming Poverty-Environment Linkages
into Development Planning: A Handbook for Practitioners. UNDPUNEP Poverty-Environment Initiative. Available from:
http://www.unpei.org/PDF/PEI-full-handbook.pdf
• UNDP-UNEP (2011) Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change
into Development Planning: A Guide for Practitioners. UNDP-UNEP
Poverty-Environment Initiative. Available from:
http://www.unpei.org/knowledge-resources/publications.html
• UNEP, UNDP, GOR (Government of Rwanda) (2007) Pilot Integrated
Ecosystem Assessment of Bugesera.
• World Bank (2006) Where is the wealth of nations? Measuring capital
for the 21st Century.
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