Transcript presentation

Hybrid Rice
Development in Thailand
Suniyum Taprab1, Amorntip Muangprom 2, Watcharin Meerod 2
1
2
Rice research and development, Department of Rice, Thailand
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand
Population :  68 million
Total Labor Force : 39 million
Total Area: 514,000 SQ.KM
Agricultural area: 47 %
Year 2012
(GDP growth
= 6.4 %)
Agriculture
Services
Industries
Agriculture
8%
53%
39%
 46%
Services
Industries
GDP Composition
by Sector (2012)
http://www.indexmundi.com/thailand/gdp_composition_by_sector.html
 40%
 14%
Labor Force
by Occupation (2012)
http://www.nso.go.th
http://www.bot.or.th
2
Land Used
Fallow
Residents
Others
Forage crops
Rice
Vegetables & Flora
Aerable
Land
20.8 mha
Fruit & Trees
Field crops
Number of
farmers
growing
each cash
crops
Farmers’
annual
income
(Baht)
Poverty line
29,064 Baht/year
Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)
Value of cash crops, ratio to GDP and labor employment
in 2013
Cash crops
Value
(million
Baht)
Ratio to
GDP (%)
Labor
employment
(million
person)
Rubber
Rice
Cassava
294,672
644,875
79,891
2.6
5.7
0.7
4.5 (11%)
10.7(27%)
1.5 (4%)
Sugar cane
Oil palm
109,753
13,742
1.0
0.1
0.8 (2%)
0.4 (1%)
1,142,934
10.1
~ 45%
Total
Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)
Area, Production and Yield of Paddy Rice, 2004–2013
Years
Harvested area
‘000 ha
Production
‘000 t
Yield
t/ha
2004
9,993
28,538
2.9
2005
10,225
30,292
3.0
2006
10,165
29,642
2.9
2007
10,669
32,099
3.0
2008
10,669
31,651
3.0
2009
10,684
31,508
2.9
2010
12,435
32,396
2.8
2011
12,908
36,004
2.8
2012
13,345
38,102
2.9
2013
12,887
37,337
2.9
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014
Varieties of rice grown, 2001–2010
Years
Modern Variety
(%)
Traditional Variety
(%)
2001
86
14
2002
87
13
2003
86
14
2004
88
12
2005
88
12
2006
91
9
2007
90
10
2008
90
10
2009
92
8
2010
93
7
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2013
Areas of chemical and organic farming in 2004-2012
Years
Chemical Farming
(,000 ha)
Organic Farming
(,000 ha)
2004
9,993
0.01
2005
10,225
0.02
2006
10,165
0.02
2007
10,669
0.01
2008
10,669
0.01
2009
10,684
0.02
2010
12,435
0.02
2011
12,908
0.02
2012
13,345
0.02
Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014; Panyakul,2013.
Info graphic by Choopong Eamoraphan
Cost comparison between organic and chemical
farming per hectare
Organic Farming
Chemical Farming
Seed
0
156
Fertilizer
65
175-208
Chemical substances
0
107-208
Fuel
65
65
Labour cost
(not include owner)
0
541
108
108
0
312
Others
108
108
Total
346
1,572-1,706
Harvester rental
Land rental
Source : http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/396609/
Shares in Value of Rice Exports of Thailand by Major Trading Partner,
2011–2013
2011
2012
2013
1 United States
417.64
405.74
456.59
2 China
235.70
152.58
251.13
3 Benin
104.07
189.54
466.81
4 Cote d'lvoire
330.09
238.47
203.93
5 South Africa
332.47
226.14
231.62
6 Cameroon
98.80
140.54
135.67
7 Hong Kong
218.17
177.69
185.41
8 Malaysia
200.29
69.62
91.21
9 Nigeria
775.24
677.72
92.35
87.06
102.24
101.13
6,432.39
4,632.77
4,420.37
10 Mozambique
Total
Source: Ministry of Commerce
Cost of Rice Production Per Hectare by Country
Cost per hectare ( USD)
USD
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
T h a ila n d
V ie tn a m
M ya n m a r
Thailand’s Rice Utilization in 2013
Paddy
37 MT
seed
1.4 MT
Broken rice
2.0-2.5
MT
Rice mill
23 MT
Rice bran
2.8-3.0
MT
Feed
Consumption
10 MT
Export
7 MT
Rice Flour
Domestic
1.4-1.9
MT
Noodle
Export
0.6 MT
Feed
Snack
Rice
bran
oil
Rice Exports by Major Varieties in 2011-2013
100%
3%
2%
3%
28%
22%
80%
31%
60%
33%
38%
33%
p a rb o ile d ric e
w h it e ric e
40%
20%
g lu t in o u s ric e
H o m M a li ric e
28%
37%
42%
2012
2013
0%
2011
Source: Ministry of Commerce,2014.
History of hybrid rice development
1979 : hybrid rice has been developed by Rice Department
starting with three-line hybrid system
1980 : Rice Department set up hybrid rice project
1981 : Rice Department collaborative with IRRI
1994 :Rice Department evaluated yield of hybrid rice
varieties developed from the new male sterility rice lines
and the Thai restorer lines. The results showed that some
hybrid rice lines showed 50-70 % higher yield than
Thai elite lines
History of hybrid rice development
2001 : CP started hybrid research by introducing 8 hybrid
varieties from China.
2010 : CP released CP 304, a high yield hybrid rice of 7.5
tons/ha
2011 : Rice Department released its first hybrid rice variety,
(RDH1)
2012 : Rice Department in collaboration with public and
private sectors evaluated yield of hybrids
2013 : Rice Department released RDH3 giving high yield
of 8.84 tons per hectare
Progress in hybrid rice research
BIOTEC:
Studied two-line hybrid system by obtaining TGMS from IRRI
Evaluated sterility and fertility conditions
Generate F1 hybrids, and inter-station yield evaluations
Studied genetic structure of Thai rice germplasm
and rice germplasm from IRRI.
Studied on genes and proteins involved in temperature
sensitive male sterility (TGMS)
Developed molecular markers linked to male sterility
genes controlling TGMS
Source : Pitnjam et al, 2013; Chakhonkaen et al, 2013, Chueasiri, et al, 2014
Sangarwut, et al 2012
Progress in hybrid rice research
Kasetsart University
Developed for both three and two line systems:
- classification rice germplasm
- making database of these rice germplasm
- development of A lines,and R lines
- evaluation of heterosis of F1 hybrids
- study commercial seed production
Rajamangala University of Technology
- developed of two TGMS lines:
- selecting high yielding male lines with disease and insect resistances
- yield trials of F1 hybrid resulting in 8 hybrids with yield higher
than 6.25 tons/hectare
Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA
Progress in hybrid rice research
Maejo university
- introduced a TGMS line (T29S) from Vietnam
- develop new TGMS lines in several Thai genetic backgrounds
- these TGMS lines will be used as female parents for two line
hybrid development
Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA
Status/Impact of HR production
Total seed production by Crop Integration Business (CP) and Rice Department
were about 100 tons in 2013. Planted area about 1,600 hectare
The average yields of HR on sample farms of CP was 7.58-9.42 tons per ha.
Yield, Cost and Profit of Hybrid Rice and Inbred
Hybrid Rice
Inbred
Province A
Province B
Province C
Yield
(ton/hectare)
7.0
7.5
7.5
5.6
Cost
(USD/hectare)
786
783
891
1,220
Profit
(USD/hectare
1,393
1,398
1,269
850
Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development
Technology constraints
- Few male sterile germplasm available (Somrith, 2007)
- Low seed setting rate of A-lines
- Effects of environments on sterility/fertility of TGMS lines
- Impurity of hybrid seeds produced.
- Hybrids yield still be unable to exceed 20% higher yield than that
of the best inbred variety.
Social and economic constraints
- Higher cost
- Not favorable yet by farmers due to limitation of yield
- Limitation on acceptance and misunderstanding for hybrid technology
Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development
Capability constrains
- Few research and breeder teams on hybrid rice (Somrith, 2007)
- Limitations of research stations and field testing
- Limitations of funding for research and investment
- Low collaborations within and between countries
Policy constraints
- No clear direction/Long term Plan.
- Budget constraints
Opportunities for Hybrid Rice Development
Large diversity of rice germplasm
Future effective collaboration between good partners (outside and
inside country) to share resources and knowledge
Technologies capability such as genomics and
marker-assisted selection available
Potentially clear direction of government on hybrid research
Key strategies and policy options to promote HR development in
Thailand to 2020 and 2030
Increased capability of hybrid rice production
-To develop male-sterile lines which suitable for Thailand
-To produce hybrid seeds with reduced cost
-To utilize new molecular technologies to speed up hybrid rice breeding
Technology Transfer
- To set demonstration farm for farmer learning
- Multi-location testing with farmer participation
Pubic and Private Partnership
- Changing material between private and public sectors
- Public and private sector work together for regular varietal testing and evaluation
- Public-private linkage is in an area of human capital development
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