Transcript Mongolian University of Science & Technology

MONGOLIAN SCIENTIFIC,
TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
AND TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION
MONGOLIAN UNIVERSITY of SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Prof. DAVAASUREN.B
Dr. TUGS.S
Dr. SARANCHIMEG.Sh
Hong Kong, 5-7 January, 2006
Mongolia
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/brief information/
Located in Northern Central Asia
Bordered by the Russian Federation to the north and the
People’s Republic of China to the south
Has 2.8 million population
50 per of the population is under the age of twenty &
nearly 70 present under thirty
45 per of the population live in urban area, in the 21
provincial centers.
About 32 per of the population live in the capital cityUlaanbaatar
The traditional economy is agriculture.
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General information about Mongolia
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Mongolia is a land-locked country in Central Asia, situated
between Russia and China. It has an area of 604.250 sq. ml
(l.565.000 sq. km), i.e. nearly France, Germany, Spain,
Portugal, the Netherlands and Belgium combined. The
average altitude of the country is l.580 metres above sea level.
Almost 90% of Mongolia is pasture, desert and mountains.
l0% of the land is covered by forests. About l% of the land is
sustainable for agriculture.
Mongolia has a sharply continental climate, with temperatures
ranging between -5 and -22 F (-15 and -30 C) in winter and
+50 and +80 F (+10 and +30 C) in summer. Winters are long
and dry. The precipitation in summer seldom exceeds l5
inches (380 mm) in the plains and mountains and 5 inches (l25
mm) in the desert and gobi areas.
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General information about
Mongolia
 As of the end of 2004 its population was 2 million 780
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thousand. It is ethnically homogeneous. Khalkha
mongols constitute more than 75% of the population.
Other groups include kazakhs (about 4% of the
population). A small number of Russians and Chinese
also permanently live in Mongolia.
Overall population density is about 4 persons per sq. mi
(l.4 per sq. km). As of the end of 2003, 25.0 thousand
people were officially registered as unemployed, while
actual unemployment rate is about 3 times higher.
Infant mortality is 50.3 per 1.000 live births. Average
life expectancy is 63.7 years. Per capital GNP is 580 U.S.
dollars.
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General information about Mongolia
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Mongolia is rich in mineral resources. Coal, iron, copper,
fluorspar, gold, uranium and silver are being mined and
exploited.
Mongolia has a rich history. Its statehood is more than
2.200 years old. In l206 Genghis Khan united the
Mongolian tribes and founded a unified Mongolian state.
It is one of the few nations that represent the diminishing
nomadic civilization with its specific way of life and traits.
Waves of nomadic migrations and the formation of
steppe empires on the Mongolian plains left their mark in
history. Compared to the sedentary civilizations, the
nomadic people try to live in harmony with the nature
and preserve it. Besides its nomadic culture, Mongolia has
successfully developed modern culture as well. The
Mongolian literature is rich and epic in form.
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General information about
Mongolia
 The main religion of the country is Lamaist Buddhism,
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which was introduced into Mongolia in the XVI century.
During the communist period, the religion was
suppressed, almost all of the 770 monasteries destroyed,
while most of the clergy was physically annihilated.
Since l990 Buddhism is reviving. Other religions are also
being adopted.
The official language is Mongolian, which is a part of
Uralo-Altaic language family. The Mongolian language is
spoken not only in Mongolia proper. Its dialects are also
spoken in Inner Mongolia (China), in the republics of
Buryatia and Kalmykia (both in Russia). Mongolia uses
both traditional Uighur (vertical) and Cyrillic scripts.
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I. MONGOLIAN SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
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PREFACE
The economy of Mongolia has been changing rapidly and
profoundly since the 1990’s by influence political changes,
reforms and the movement directing in an open market
economy it enabled a great effort in the economy, structural
changes and organization. Goods and service export has
increased swiftly by 47 % in 2004, while it was 24% of
GDP in 1990. In the 1960s the fundament of science and
technology including Mongolian Scientific Academy and its
subsidiary research institutes was set up. It gaves
opportunity that us the high percentage of educated
population, subsidiary scientific structures based on
research institutes, and widening higher education scope
lead to these development traditions.
/For instance, there were 1370 scientists
and engineers for 1000 million
people and the number of employees who are working in governmental
sectors is much more 3562 in 2002./
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Present situation
There are 45 scientific institutes including 5 national
universities, and 15 institutes of Scientific Academy
running now by making structural
changes,
organizational reform. This big sector gives a full
capacity for the state budget. Although it has decreased
in recent years, concerning to government’s financing
for educational sector occupies about 15percent of the
state budget. Comparing to other countries, it’s the
same as Switzerland /15.4/, but higher than the
countries, such as Australia /13.5/, Canada /12.9/,
United Kingdom /11.6/, USA /14.4/.
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Present situation
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Since the 1990s, the government of Mongolia has been working
by giving a prior significance to change and rehabilitation of a
practical sectors of science and technology in order to make it the
fundament of National Development.
Here are some legal documents related to above mentioned:
The structure of an intellectual possession /1993/
The status of Mongolian Science Academy /1996/
To establish the national Council of Science and technology
/1997/
The laws of Science and technology, and the government policy
/1998/
To establish fund for science and technology /1998/
To provide a legal environment to innovate a higher educational
structure /2002/
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Present situation
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The science and technology advances become a
resource for accelerating economy, and creating mental
resources, and provide economical safety of the
country.
Mongolia has a low work force and relatively small
market, really according it important to take into
account science and technology development in
priority.
We have an opportunity to produce goods that meet
the market requirement by developing goods
production based on science and technology
development.
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Present situation
The following basic principles are to be observed
regarding legal steps:
 Relaible information based on competition, and press
freedom
 To choose a leading direction with one social, and
economical interest and purpose
 To support participation and effort of a private sector
for developing science and technology and its usage.
 To constantly introduce the best technologies from
foreign countries
 To create a criteria to evaluate the result of investment
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What we want?
The reconstruction linked to science,
technology and industries is being made around
the world, while Mongolia is making changes and
innovation in its economy and political frame.
This gives us a new opportunity also a new
choice. We have to notice the world’s popular
tendency in the development of science,
technology and industrial sectors, and adjust it
with domestic needs and the result to be reached.
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State budget asset for science and
technological measurement /million.¥/
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4620.4
5000
3522.7
4000
3000
1US$ = 1226¥
3780.9
2821.5
2296
2000
1000
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
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Percentage of expenses, spent on science &
technological development from state budget,
in Gross Domestic Product
0.3
0.25
0.22
0.24
0.28
0.28
2002
2003
0.30
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
2000
2001
2004
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FOREIGN POLICY IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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The main objective of foreign relations in the scientific and technological fields
will lie in making full use of external factors to build and enhance a modern
national scientific, technical and technological potential capable of serving as a
driving force for the effective development of the national economic and
industry and able to be competitive at regional, continental and global levels.
Mongolia shall apply the principle of benefiting from world scientific and
technological achievements to enrich the pool of national endowment and
intellectual capacity which are congruous with the national human and natural
resources, the level of social theory and thought as well as with the unique
culture of its pastoral livestock breeding economy.
In implementing its scientific and technological foreign policy, Mongolia shall
adhere to the following basic guidelines:
a/ introducing advanced technology and methods into production and
services. Creator attention will be paid to introducing technologies related to
processing mineral resources, raw materials of animal and plant extraction, and
the use of renewable energy sources;
b/ gearing the national scientific and technological information system to
the international information network;
c/ developing bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the fields of
intellectual property as well as science and technology.
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We are looking for . . .
Many countries such as Japan, Korea, Singapore and Tailand
intend to develop nationality’s mental capacity in the 1970, 80,
90s and reached their great economical success. In addition these
countries which have a weak regional economy looked at these
success and gave an importance to the situation that most parts
of science technology and industry’s capacity focused on
industrialized countries. Consequently, they found out that
create scientific base of their countries and pay attention for an
engineering education in order to search for the ways that use
world’s science advances and make its own contribution to it.
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It needs to take into account the technological
education issues in Mongolia.
The needs for a scientific discovery had increased
since 1980s, as a result of the positive market changes.
The means of obtaining basic scientific knowledge have been
changing swiftly. It’s not useful to demarcate a fundament research
from a consumption research in a lot of leading sectors can be
involved in an industrial consumption statistics for instance; it is
common in biotechnology and electronic fields.
Therefore, the research looks like covering many
scientific fields and the principles and states of science
development.
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Because of there is a enough progress in scientific
research work at many field of science. It is financed
quite submitted knowledge or “unformulated’
knowledge flow and there’s the tendency to complex
resolve the main research problems. So the features of
“quite submitted knowledge’ take many problems how
to connect and combine the scientific principles each to
other, how to manage network by a man, what are
negative results for competition increase. Behind all
these it needs skilled and experienced working power
partly engineers and technologists who could supply
interconnection between many fields
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At present
After 2000 industrial production of goods was refreshed and it
has risen slightly and it develops the binding and processing
manufactures. This situation requires the problems of human
resource development specially the advantages of technological
educational level. The purposes could be resolved by technical and
technological policy reform according to combine the success of
modern science and technology with Education management on
supporting in methods and forms of marketing economy
communication.
The problem is not only in sphere of production but also the
question of country’s development. Otherwise, it requires the
engineering and technical personal with high technological
education for preproduction of national production by learning
and studying the experiences of World Developed countries on
the base of science and technology progress.
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II. TECHNOLOGICAL EDUCATION
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We think
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The knowledge is a powerful engine for
developing and flourishing of every country.
We have to pay attention for strength our
knowledge focusing it’s use in our life.
The knowledge is varied. From this
technological knowledge is really important and
necessary for producers and inventors. Also for
all people.
One of the method of stimulating
comprehensive technological knowledge is taken
over means of intelligence know-how
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What is technology education*
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Is an essential learning experience for all students at all grade levels, abilities, and
backgrounds, so that they may confidently use, manage, assess, and understand technology.
Provides the basic knowledge and technical skills needed to participate in society. It increases
the economic capacity of nations and allows students to understand and apply advanced
technologies so they will be prepared for either post-secondary education or entering the
workforce.
Enhances the opportunity for students to develop career awareness or career path preparation.
It provides an exposure to a variety of technology related careers - from professional to
industrial or service worker. The knowledge base learned through technology education is
important to everyone as all members of society must continually learn in a changing society
that is influenced by technology.
Provides for academic, technical, and social growth. It employs involvement with tools,
machines, materials, and systems of technology. It enables all students to derive meaning from
concrete experiences that result from the integration of mathematics, science, humanities, and
engineering concepts. Through direct experience with a wide array of processes, knowledge,
and contexts, it helps to develop technological literacy.
* ITEA is a professional association for technology education teachers
who teach a curriculum called "technology education" which is
problem-based learning utilizing math, science and technology principles.
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What is technology education*
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Provides a wholesome change in learners by enhancing the understanding of
how technology is changing the human-made world and the natural
environment. It allows learners to experience the activities and habits of a
designer, scientist, technologist, engineer, architect, producer, historian, and
social critic as they engage in technological problems and issues of the present
and future.
Develops self-evaluation of attitudes toward constructive work and how this
work can be used for health, recreation, or economic value. It helps to develop
favorable attitudes toward creative thinking, and to character improvement -knowing and making the most of one's environment.
Requires competence, compassion, a desire for excellence, and a vision from its
educators. Teachers must possess creativity, ingenuity, enjoy working with
people, and maintain a high degree of personal and professional integrity.
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Mongolia, a country which has a vast land,
densely settled area, small resource of population
and working force, and traditional industry
relying on natural resource and nomadic animal
husbandry, obviously that comprehensive
knowledge or technological education is very
significant. On the other hand, it’s really
important to improve the level of technological
education of Mongolian population.
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-
Some countries are developing national strategy
to strength scientific knowledge and mainly
taking into consideration the issues such as
getting as more knowledge increasing
knowledge-base, investment in education and
new technology to master knowledge.
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Percentage of Expenditures for education
in state budget income and in GDP
25.0%
21.9%
21.1%
20.5%
20.5%
20.3%
7.3%
8.2%
7.9%
8.1%
7.8%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Expenditures for education in GDP
Expenditures for education in state budget income
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Percentage of technological education in the
expenditure of comprehensive education
%
30
20
15
10
5
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
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The number of people involved in
technological educational training
35
34.0
34
33
32.3
32
31.9
Number of students
Present of involving
31
30.6
30
29
28
2000
2001
2002
2003
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Percentage of satisfaction qualified teachers
98
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
97.5
97
96.5
96
95.5
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
Percentage of satisfaction qualified teachers
Percentage of unsatisfactory teachers
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The number of people involved in
unofficial educational training
Training
2001
2002
2003
Á¿ãä
1
Literacy education
4460
4121
8459
17040
2
To improve the
general level of
education
4955
8915
7317
3
To provide
education
4266
4300
3273
11839
4
To qualify
profession and
provide
professional skills
27045
22560
30400
80005
5
Total
40726
39896
49449
130071
21187
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The increase in number of learners at
professional educational centers
29067
30000
19252
20000
10000
19493
21574
15031
12320
11308 11650 12177
11245
8317
7987
7555
11685
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
0
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The number of students at university and college
Academic years
¹
¯ç¿¿ëýëò
Present of growth
20002001
20012002
20022003
20032004
The number of
university and college
172
178
185
183
2 The number of students
84985
90644
98453
108738
127.9
Bachelor
77296
83200
89152
96504
124.8
Master of science
3465
2880
3661
4491
129.6
959
1588
1615
22
39
58
58
263.6
50419
65627
79202
84985
168.6
1
Doctor /Ph.D/
3
The number of
accredited universities
The number of students
4 at accredited
universities
2003-2004/
2000-2001
106.4
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The number of post graduates in high developed
countries for masters and doctorate degrees
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
131
107
109
98
87
79
61
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
From 2000-2003 spend 9.5 mill.¥ for 388 students
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The number of students studying at foreign countries
under the negotiations between governments
239
226
240
220
229
204
200
180
20002001
20012002
20022003
20032004
Over 1078 students studied in 14
countries of the world from 2000 to 2003
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Non repayable aid for student from herdsman’s family
5727
6000
5000
4000
3000
2080
2000
1000
1028
0 0
260
67.6
275.9
1500.4
537
0
1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004
Students
Financing /mill.¥/
36
Non repayable aid of professional and high
educational training for vulnerable groups
7567
6039
8000
3676
6000
4000
1639
0
532.7
0
986.5
1540.9
1982.5
2000
0
1999-
2000-
2001-
2002-
2003-
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
students
Expenditures /mill.¥/
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The most useful method of getting knowledge and
using it is to acquire world standard knowledge and
make investment in leading technique and technology.
As for anybody, any company, any countries, now days,
when the interest and demand to produce products
with technological advance increase it’s necessary to
access world’s science experience fund, and improve
strength the technological knowledge. Obviously,
engineering education is essential for it. Technical
Universities provide engineering education, so there are
focusing their strategically intention on accessing world
science experience.
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Now days
Although in Mongolia there isn’t enough number of engineers
and technician workers with high technology education.
Particularly, there are about 180 universities and institutes in
Mongolia, among them 10% is prepared engineers and
technologists for production manufacture field. About two
thousand engineers and technician workers are prepared a year, 42
% employed by chosen profession. There is not enough numbers
of specialists in comparing specialist’s requirement and number of
graduates. The problem of preparation of skilled professional
workers was outside of attention but last 2-3 years it is
reproduced again. This makes easily the production management.
The problem to be professional worker in production field could
be connected with all people from children to adults may be
pensioners. On the other hand, challenge of professional jobs are
a very important. So, it needs to give minds and thoughts and
skills for the population specially youth and children. Now days
we can name it comprehensive technology education.
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Mongolian University of Science & Technology
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This problem is called more attention in our country. Challenge to
get knowledge and profession of technique and technology and
supply of learning possibilities are very important. So, Mongolian
University of Science & Technology /MUST/ plays most role
here, now technology is created at scientific and technological
organizations and high technological education is given by
authority universities and institutes of the country.
According to development and missions, master plan of Science
and Technology policy MUST pays most attention on policy of
Technology policy and takes some activities. But it needs to do,
learn, and study more and more. Responsibilities and functions of
engineers and specialists with technological education are larger
and longer, so MUST have to play heavy role in development of
science and technology in Mongolia.
Activities for learning and studying technology and gaining it and
transmitting are stimulated continuously and become increasingly
so MUST ought to base itself on policy to retrain own graduates
and develop.
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Now days
Any country puts double requirements to strengthen
power of Universities and Scientific research Institutes
in own policy of science and technology. In the most
cases the policy directed into definite could approach
the national companies and firms to technological
progress. The experiences of countries as Singapore,
South Korea and Hong Kong showed that followers
never leave outside. But these “later developed
countries” governments faced with more difficulties for
passing transition period of technology development.
The advantage of lagging behind calls more interest.
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There are several methods to master a new technology and provide
technological education. Here are:
 To attract direct foreign investment. This greats new knowledge,
design, new feeling, new competition, new management through
import products.
 As for developing countries using high technological license is
effective way to get knowledge and master new leading
technology and much cheaper then developing technology by
themselves.
 To study and see on the spot. This means to develop a special
program letting young people go abroad and study and get much
experience and come back their home country. Also, it can
import technological knowledge by bringing in experienced
immigrants.
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Process of creating Comprehensive
technological education (PCCTE)
Citizens activeness and interest
 Activity of training organization
 Need for human
The survey of influencing life factors in PCCTE has
3 main set of indexes. Here are:
 The factory is related to citizens. (their own life
activeness and interest).
 The factories related to training organizations activity.
 The factories related to humans everyday life.
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Conclusion
* We must resolve the problems of common education
level as a base of main keys of a country’s development
and development of common technology education.
* Mongolia has a small population but it has more
advantages as Education system, excellent of Science. It
needs to carry out the policy in direction of increase of
power of scientific and research institutions and
transmit the technology. I.e. the problem about
increase of technology education quality must be under
required attention.
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Conclusion
* 87 % of world companies from different fields hope
that their activities are based on knowledge. But
researchers pointed out that most of them agree they
could not manage the knowledge. So joining and
summary of companies’ experiences who are
connected with knowledge management are very
important at present level. To assist for implementing
the purposes of organizations knowledge management
must be understood as a creation of mastering and
using knowledge, as definite system management.
Organizations of all stages and levels must take into
attention to require the definition of knowledge,
information and understanding.
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Thank you for your attention !
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