Transcript Slides - The George Washington University

The Spread of Management
Methods around the World
Stuart Umpleby, Lucy Lim, Naveen
Hariprasad, Saadia Khilji and Daniel Le
The George Washington University
Regions and Countries
Regions
Countries
Africa
Congo, Nigeria, South Africa
China
East Asia
Japan, Myanmar, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan,
Thailand, Vietnam
Europe
Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Poland,
Russia, Spain, Switzerland, UK
Latin America
Brazil, Columbia, Mexico
Middle East
Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Turkey
North America
Canada, United States
Oceania
Australia, Indonesia, Philippines
South Asia
Bangladesh, India, Pakistan
Population by region
China and South Asia dominate
GDP per Capita: A Measure of Wealth
North America, Europe and
East Asia dominate
35000
30000
North America is the leader
25000
20000
GDP per Capita (in USD)
15000
10000
5000
1999
1996
1993
0
China
South Asia
Africa
Oceania
Middle East
Latin Am erica
East Asia
Europe
North Am erica
The gap between rich and poor countries
has widened
Oceania
Middle East
1990
1987
1984
Year
South Asia
Africa
1981
1975
China
1978
Many countries have
hardly improved at all
Latin Am erica
East Asia
Region
Europe
North Am erica
Business Periodicals
Europe leads in business periodicals
due to many different languages
North America
Oceania and East
200
180
Asia are the next in
160
line
140
120
100
Latin America, South
Asia and Africa are far
China
80
South Asia
60
East Asia
40
Middle East
20
Oceania
0
Latin America
Europe
O ceania
North America
East Asia
1999
China
1993
1990
1996
Year
1987
1984
1981
1978
1975
behind
c
Business Periodicals per
One Million People
North America
Africa
Region
Europe
SOURCE: w w w .ulrichsw eb.com
Number of PC Users
Africa
South Asia
Middle East
180
Oceania
Latin America
160
China
140
East Asia
Europe
120
North America
100
Total PCs in Millions
80
60
1990
40
1992
20
1994
1996
Region
North America
Europe
China
Latin America
Oceania
Middle East
South Asia
2000
East Asia
0
1998
Africa
Year
SOURCE: Yearbook of Statistics,
Telecommunication Services,
Chronological Time Series 1990-1999,
International Telecommunication Union
Total Internet Users
The graph begins from 1990
North America, Europe and East Asia are the top three
Middle East
Africa
The rate of increase has
South Asia
Latin Am erica
been phenomenal after
1994
120
Oceania
100
China
East Asia
China, Oceania, Latin
America
80
60
and South Asia also have a
40
high growth rate
20
1990
But the rate is lower and itYear
started late
North Am erica
0
1993
1996
1999
Middle East
Africa
South Asia
Latin America
O ceania
China
East Asia
Europe
North America
An increase in every region
Europe
Total Internet Users in
Millions
Region
SOURCE: Yearbook of Statistics,
Telecommunication Services, Chronological
Time Series 1990-1999, International
Telecommunication Union
ISO 9000 Certified Companies
Europe has been the leader in using the ISO 9000 standard, probably because of
the interest in standardization due to the European Union
In Europe, more smaller companies exist
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
Europe
North Am erica
East Asia
Oceania
Europe
North Am erica
East Asia
Oceania
China
Latin Am erica
South Asia
Africa
Dec-99
0
Dec-00
Middle East
Year
Jan-93
Sept. 1993
Jun-94
Mar-95
Dec-95
Dec-96
Dec-97
Dec-98
20000
Сertified Com panies
(in thousands)
China
Latin Am erica
South Asia
Africa
Middle East
Region
SOURCE: The ISO Survey of ISO 9000 and ISO
14000 Certificates - Tenth cycle
Foreign Students in USA
140
120
100
80
Oceania
Students in Thousands
60
Canada
Africa
Middle East
40
South Asia
20
China
Latin America
East Asian students seem to dominate in number
Europe
East Asia
Europe
Latin America
China
South Asia
Middle East
Africa
Canada
1998-99
Oceania
1997-98
1996-97
1995-96
1994-95
1990-91
Year
1985-86
1980-81
0
East Asia
Region
Source: Institute of International Education" Open Doors," various years.(
Latest Edition copyright@1999 by the Institute of International Education)
Among other regions, Europe is most prominent
The number of Latin American and Chinese students has been steady
Correlations with GDP per capita at
five year intervals




Variable
Correlation range
Business periodicals
per capita (1975 to 2000)
.65 - .71
PCs per capita
(1990 to 2000)
.75 - .93
Internet users per capita
(1990 to 2000)
.65 - .89
ISO certified companies
per capita (1975 to 2000)
.23 - .47
Growth of Business Schools



Many new business schools are opening
in Eastern Europe and the NIS
There has been a reconsideration of the
nature of knowledge in order to justify
the teaching of practical disciplines
See The New Production of Knowledge
by Gibbons, et al.
Number of Business Schools in
AACSB
450
400
350
300
250
200
Number of Business
Schools in AACSB
150
100
50
0
Oceania
Middle East
Source: Association for the Advancement of Collegiate
Schools of Business
East Asia
South
America
Europe
North
America
Region
Top 100 Business Schools by
Region
60
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
0
China
South
America
Oceania
Europe
North
America
Region
Source : Financial Times, 2001
Top 100 Business Schools by
Country
60
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
0
US
A
UK
Ita
ly
Sw
itze
Ch
r
i
na
lan
N
d
Bra orwa
y
z
Ne
il
wZ
Sin
ea
ga
Me
lan
p
ore
xic
d
Ne
Source : Financial Times, 2001
o
t
h
Ire
e
rla
l
a
nd
nd
Au
s
str
Sp
a
l
i
ain
a
Country
Fra
nc
Ca
e
na
da
Growth of Corporate Universities


Ideas can spread either through the
open academic literature or through the
growth of corporations using
proprietary knowledge
An increasing number of corporations
have their own in-house training
programs that use curricula they have
developed themselves
Locations of Corporate University
Headquarters by Region
80
70
60
50
40
Percent
30
20
10
0
Rest of the World
Source:Corporate University Xchange 5th
Annual BenchMarking Report 2002
Europe
Region
USA and Canada
Percent of Corporate Universities
Two Years Old or Younger
60
50
40
30
Percent
20
10
0
2001
Source:Corporate University Xchange 5th
Annual BenchMarking Report 2002
2000
1999
Year
Age of Corporate Universities
35
30
25
20
15
Percentage of
Universities
10
5
0
3-5 years
1-2 years
less than
1 year
6-10
years
11-15
years
16-20
years
Age
more than
20 years
Source:Corporate University Xchange 5th
Annual BenchMarking Report 2002
Average Age of Corporate
Universities by Industry
7
6
5
4
Age
3
2
1
0
Fin
an
ce/
Re
nsp
al
Wh
ort
Es
ai o
ole
tat
n/T
Sa
Go
e/I
ns
le/R
ele
ver
ura
c
n
e
o
me
Al l
ta i
m
nce
m/
l/A
nt
Co
U
c
r
c
t
p
i li ty
Pro
om
ora
/M
od
fes
te
ini n
a
U
s
t
i on
Inf
ion
ni v
g/C
orm
al
/Fo
ers
on
S
o
i
a
t
e
i
s tr
dS
ti o
Ma
es
rvi
uc
n(
ces
nu
e
rvic
tio
SW
fac
n
e
,M
tur
i ng
ed
ia
an
dD
Type of Industry
ata
Pro
ces
Source:Corporate University
si n
g)
Xchange 5th Annual BenchMarking
Tra
Examples of corporate education


AT&T has created a shelf of books on
how it does process improvement.
These books are not made available to
people outside AT&T
GE has developed books and CDs for
training their managers in six sigma
methods. These materials are not
shared outside the firm
Size of Corporate University
Budgets
35
30
25
20
percent of universities
having the budget
15
10
5
0
Under $1M
$1M-$3M
Source:Corporate University Xchange 5th
Annual BenchMarking Report 2002
$3M-$5M
$5M-$10M
Budget
$10M-$20M
percent
$20M-$50M
$50M$100M
Over
$100M
Conclusions






The spread of management theories and methods around
the world is one feature of globalization
There is a positive correlation between wealth and
business periodicals, number of PCs, internet use, and ISO
9000 certification
There is a wide gap between the developing and the
developed countries in GDP/capita, business periodicals,
use of the internet and ISO 9000 certification
The gap in all areas continues to grow
North America is the dominant region in new technology
Europe has made the most use of ISO 9000 certification