Transcript 生态系统管理与环境价值核算

环境价值核算：
美国的经验与教训
齐晔
清华大学公共管理学院
北京师范大学环境学院
生态系统管理与环境价值核算
Environmental Accounting:
From Contingent Valuation to
Emergy Method
报告内容
 生态系统与环境价值核算
 综合的环境与经济核算
 可供借鉴的经验与教训
相关概念
Green GDP
 Environmental accounting
 Ecosystem valuation

Stock vs. Flow
GDP: Flow
 Environmental accounting: Stock

Scale Mismatch
GDP: 相对精确
Ecosystem value：不确定
Why Estimate Ecosystem
Values?
Basis for market transactions
 Ecosystem planning

The Concept of Value
Value is a human perception. It is the
worth of something to a particular
individual, at a given place and moment
in time. Utility, satisfaction, and pleasure
are other words that connote worth or
value received.
生态系统与环境价值评估方法
1. Market Price Method
Estimates economic values for
ecosystem products or services
that are bought and sold in
commercial markets.
2. Productivity Method
Estimates economic values for
ecosystem products or services
that contribute to the
production of commercially
marketed goods
3. Hedonic Pricing Method
Estimates economic values for
ecosystem or environmental
services that directly affect market
prices of some other good. Most
commonly applied to variations in
housing prices that reflect the value
of local environmental attributes.
4. Travel Cost Method
Estimates economic values associated
with ecosystems or sites that are
used for recreation. Assumes that
the value of a site is reflected in
how much people are willing to pay
to travel to visit the site.
5. Damage Cost Avoided,
Replacement Cost, and Substitute
Cost Methods
Estimate economic values based on
costs of avoided damages resulting
from lost ecosystem services, costs
of replacing ecosystem services, or
costs of providing substitute
services.
6. Contingent Valuation
Method
Estimates economic values for virtually
any ecosystem or environmental service.
The most widely used method for
estimating non-use, or “passive use”
values. Asks people to directly state
their willingness to pay for specific
environmental services, based on a
hypothetical scenario.
7. Contingent Choice Method
Estimates economic values for virtually
any ecosystem or environmental service.
Based on asking people to make
tradeoffs among sets of ecosystem or
environmental services or characteristics.
Does not directly ask for willingness to
pay—this is inferred from tradeoffs that
include cost as an attribute.
8. Benefit Transfer Method
Estimates economic values by
transferring existing benefit
estimates from studies already
completed for another location or
issue.
美国的综合环境与经济核算





Tobin and Nordhaus 1972, Net economic
welfare
Repetto, 1989, Net Domestic Product
Daly and Cobb, 1990, Index of Sustainable
Economic Welfare
Costanza et al., 1997, Ecosystem Service
Index
Odum, 1972, …,1996, Emergy-based
environmental accounting
美国的综合环境与经济核算




Bureau of Economic Analysis (DOC), 1992
Focused on integrating environmental
accounting with the US National Income and
Product Accounts (NIPA)
US Integrated Environmental and Economic
Satellite Account, 1994
Suspended in 1994
综合环境与经济核算评估小组




William Nordhous, Chair
Including Robert Repetto, 12 members
National research Council
Committee on National Statistics 1998-1999
Overall assessment




Extending NIPA to include assets and
production activities associated with natural
resources and the environment is an
important goal.
E&NR accounts provides useful data and
economic planning and investment
Rationale is solid
IEESA is consistent with domestic and
international efforts
Approaches



Not to redefine the Core Accounts
Add satellite and supplementary accounts
Phased approach vs. comprehensive approach
BEA’s Resumption of Natural Resource
and Environmental Accounting


Authorize and fund development of natural
resource and environmental accounts
BEA leads the effort
Accounting for subsoil mineral assets

Develop and maintain a set of accounts for
domestic subsoil mineral assets
Accounting for renewable and
environmental resources

EA is a useful way to represent interactions
between market and the environment:
– Additions and depletions of natural resources
– Alterations in the quality of the environment
– Expenditures made to reduce the effects of
economic activities on the environment
Accounting for renewable and
environmental resources (continued)

For valuation, BEA should rely whenever
possible on market and behavioral data.
However, novel valuation techniques will be
necessary for the development of a
comprehensive set of non-market accounts.
Accounting for renewable and
environmental resources (continued)


Concerted federal effort to identify and collect
data needed to measure changes in the
quantity and quality of natural resource and
environmental assets and associated
nonmarket service flows.
Emphasis on measuring effects directly,
particularly on measuring human exposure to
air and water pollutants
Incremental cost

$1.5 M
Conclusion



Essential investment for the nation;
Comprehensive accounts are of great value;
Must not compromise the current core
accounts
What can we learn?




Strategic planning and immediate actions
Maintaining the current core accounts
Sufficient and stable government support
Joint and concerted effort of multi-disciplinary
teams