Transcript Crops Production - Capacity Building in Trade and Environment

Sub-regional Workshop on Trade and Environment Dimensions in the Food and
Food Processing Industries in South-East and North-East Asia
Jakarta, Indonesia, 26-27 July 2006
Trade and Environment Dimensions
in the food and food processing in Cambodia
By Mr. Heng Nareth
Director Department of Environmental Pollution Control
Introduction
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
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Size of the Country
Cambodia has an area of 181,035 km2
- Area approximately 5/6 is land and 1/6 is coast.
- 86% of the country area is the Mekong catchment.
- The country extents from east to west 580 km and
from north to south 450 km.
Climate
Two seasons in Cambodia
- Dry season: November to April
- Rainy season: May to October
Current Status of the Economy
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Cambodia is an agricultural economy which contribute to
about half of the country's GDP
There approximately 90% are farmers who live in rural areas.
GDP per capita (US dollars) 308$ (2001), 326$ (2002),
345$(2003) 389$ (2004), 448$ (2005)
( Source from Ministry of Finance).
Crops Production
Cambodia is an agricultural economy. Betwe8en 0% and 85% of the labor force is engaged in
agriculture and related sub-sectors of fisheries, animal husbandry, which contribute to about half of the
country's GDP. Cambodia's main agricultural crop is rice. It is grown on over 90% of the currently
cropped area. The second most important crops are rubber, maize, soybeans, mung bean, pepper,
and tobacco, etc.
Agricultural production and area is shown in the following tables:
Table 1-1: Crops Production and Area from 2000-2002
Products
Area (ha)
Production (tons)
2000
2001
2002
2000
2001
2002
2,318,495
2,240,917
2,137,125
4,026,092
4,099,016
3,822,509
Maize
71,462
80,215
80,470
156,972
185,589
148,897
Yellow Maize
44,347
55,147
54,657
121,741
157,652
117,344
Cassava
16,279
14,239
19,563
147,763
142,262
122,014
7,435
7,225
8,136
28,178
26,252
31,530
Vegetable
32,755
35,311
34,433
195,894
184,640
143,175
Mung Bean
24,991
29,431
39,802
15,100
17,153
23,925
Pea Nut
10,370
11,913
13,840
7,490
8,913
9,738
Soya Bean
33,256
31,997
33,613
28,111
24,658
38,801
Sugar Cane
7,723
7,854
9,473
164,176
169,302
208,819
Rice
Sweet Potato
amuses
19,222
20,158
20,852
9,855
8,957
10,157
Tobacco
9,678
8,554
4,078
7,665
4,662
2,501
208
203
485
180
203
636
2,596,221
2,543,164
2,456,527
4,909,217
5,029,259
4,680,046
Jute
Total
Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003
Table 1-2 Structures of the Agronomy Sector (2002)
Product
Quantity (tons)
Estimated value (US$)
Percentage of total value (%)
Rice
3,822,509.00
1,666,221,872.00
87.56
Crop
543,285.00
292,538,076.90
12.44
4,365,794.00
1,958,759,948.90
100.00
TOTAL
Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry Of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003
Livestock and Poultry Production
Cambodia has a few commercial agro-business farms for animal husbandry. Livestock and poultry
production are operated at the family level. This kind of production improves local supply and provides
meat as nutrition for oneself and one’s family, with a little left over to sell to make an income for the family.
A few research and breeding stations have been established for research and demonstration purposes.
Table 1-4:
Structures of the Livestock and Poultry Sector (2002)
Product
Cattle
Buffalo
Pig
Poultry
TOTAL
Quantity (heads)
Estimated Value (US$)
Percentage of Value
(%)
2,924,457
584,891,400.00
75.72
625,912
93,886,800.00
12.15
2,105,435
73,690,225.00
9.54
16,677,864
20,013,436.80
2.59
22,333,668.00
772,481,861.80
100.00
Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003
Fish and Fish Production
Cambodia is the fourth producer of freshwater in the would. According to
official estimates, the fish catch decreased from 444,500 tons in 2000 to
424,400 tons in 2002. The total inland fish catch for Cambodia in 2002
was 360,300 tons, down 6.4% compared to 385,000 tons in 2000. In
general, the inland fish catch has decreased from 1999 onwards due to
significant changes including overexploitation, illegal fishing gear used,
environmental quality degradation, etc. Marine fish catch increased 9.2%
from 42,000 tons in 2000 to 45,850 tons in 2002. The Royal Government
of Cambodia decided to reduce 39.3% of fishing lots, from 270 to 164 of
fishery concessions, aiming to conserve fish species and increase natural
fish stock.
Aquaculture fish production increased slightly from 17,500 tons in 2000 to
18,250 tons in 2002. Estimated processed fish production decreased
16.0% from 63,000 tons in 2000 to 52,900 tons in 2002.
Table 1-5:
Fisheries Production From 2000-2002
Production (tons)
Products
2000
Inland Fishery Capture
2001
2002
385,000
345,000.00
360,300.00
Marine Fishery Capture
42,000.00
40,000.00
45,850.00
Aquaculture
17,500.00
30,500.00
18,250.00
444,500.00
415,500.00
424,400.00
Total
Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003
Table 1-6:
Structures Fishery Sector (2002)
Product
Quantity (tons)
Estimated Value (US$)
Percentage of Total Value (%)
Inland Fishery Capture
360,300.00
576,480,000.00
82.88
Marine Fishery Capture
45,850.00
91,700,000.00
13.18
Aquaculture
18,250.00
27,375,000.00
3.94
TOTAL
424,400.00
695,555,000.00
Source: Annual Conference Report, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2003
100.00
Market access and export competitiveness
The main food processing for export in Cambodia are
Agricultural Product, include frozen, dried, smocked
and fermented fish, crops production, etc,.
 Fish production are mostly from directly natural water
both marine and fresh water
 Crop production are being use commonly with very
small dose chemical pesticide; therefore, the
requirement of environmental and health-related in
external market does not effects on country’s food
and food processing export.
Market access and export competitiveness
(cont)
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However, Lack off recognized Laboratory with
sophisticated testing equipment and accredited
certification bodies; weak legislative capacity,
limits skill and training capacities, limit access to
financial resources and cleaner production are
the more concern of the Royal Government of
Cambodia in the future for food processing.
Environmental Constraints
The main domestic in environment issues are the
deforestation, especially for the destruction of
flooded forest as well as over fishing with illegal
fishing equipment water pollution, and soil
contamination, cause by in-appropriate chemical
pesticide use.
In addition some small and medium enterprise for
food processing industries also contributed to
the water, air, soil pollution.
Environmental Law and Related Statutes
National regulations
In order to mitigate the impacts cause by the above mentioned sectors,
there are some law and regulation related to the environmental
protection and natural resources as bellow:
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Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Management
Sub-decree on Environmental Impact assessment,
Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control
Sub-decree on Air and Noise Pollution Control
Sub-decree on Wastes Management
Sub-decree on Standard and Management of Agricultural Material
Law on Management of Quality and Safety of Products and
Services, 06/2000
Law on Industry Management, 06/2006
Environmental Law and Related Statutes
(Cont.)
International and regional agreements
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Participated as member of climate change convention
Participated as a member of Basel convention
Participated as a member of Montreal Protocol
Participated as a member of Stockholm convention
Participated as a member of CARTAGENA Protocol.
Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on Intenational Trade in Endangered
Species etc,.
Government Policies and strategies plans
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Develop new regulations and amendment of the existing on
the quality standard and quality control to catch up the
import countries requirement
Encourage to the private sector who are using cleaner
technology voluntary based (i.e, Environmental
Management System)
Upgrade Laboratory with new appropriate equipment
together with well training program and methodology
To increase the production of high quality of organic rice
grown according to internationally recognized organic
standards.
To support efforts to maintain and improve soil fertility
through rotation with suitable non- rice crop.
To stimulate local processing of organic rice which meets
high quality standards in milling, labeling and packaging.
Consolidate the local market and further develop existing
and new export market
● To upgrade fishing infrastructure and tools, adopt modern processing and
improve biotechnology techniques to increase supply/production, to widen
products diversification and enhance quality of the fisheries sector’s offer,
whether for domestic consumption or export.
● To strengthen and develop quality standards for fish and fish product
through the establishment of modern sophisticated laboratory to ensure
conformity with safety and sanitation requirements, both for the domestic
and the export market.
● To train fishermen, fish farm operator and processed fish producers in
matters relating to sustainability, handling, new production techniques and
quality assurance.
● To protect inland fisheries from depletion
recommendations
For Cambodia to realize the full benefits from trade in global
market place. The following issues and opportunities were
given full consideration:
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Development policies for environmentally sustainable economic
development
The need to accelerate legal and regulatory reform
Enhancing market access and access to information
Institution building and enhanced rule of law Promoting small and mediumsized enterprises
Export development is essential to sustain economic growth and stability
in light of small domestic market.
The urgent need to build awareness, competency, and accountability within
the framework of developing of a functional public-private sector
partnership. and
Development proposals for the Government to accede to international
agreements, conventions and protocols on environmental protection
Thank you for your attention!
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION !