Transcript Hoover
Hippocampus: President Hoover 1) What previous experience did Herbert Hoover have in government? 2) Who did Hoover run against in the 1928 election? 3) What new media influenced the outcome of the election? Why? 4) How did Al Smith’s religious affiliation influence the outcome of the 1928 election? 5) How did the results of the 1928 election reflect the popularity of the Republican Party? 6) What sector of the economy was not doing well in late 1920s? 7) What was happening in the stock market in 1928? 8) What is Hoover most remembered for? Hard Times …are Hoovering over us. The1928 Election Herbert Hoover v. Al Smith Issues of the 1928 & the outcome… The 1928 Election • Republican: Herbert C. Hoover • Democrat: Alfred E. Smith Objective… • Describe Hoover’s background and personal philosophy on government. Herbert Hoover • Iowa – Republican • Quaker • Self made man • Food Administration • WWI Food Relief • Sec. of Commerce • “Dry” The irony of the 1928 election… Hoover’s philosophy on government… • American Individualism (1922) • “Volunteerism”… • “a cooperative, socially responsible economic order”… Objective… • Explain the basic concepts of the stock market. The Bull Market • Stock prices rise in the 20s • The market is viewed as a get rich quick opportunity • The basic concept of the stock market… Watching the ticker tape at the height of the bull market. What are the most basic concept of the stock market… Stock Market 101 • • • • • What is a share of stock? Why do companies sell shares of stock? Why do people buy stock? What determines the value of stock? What does it mean for stock to be over valued (v. under valued)?… Stock Market Simulation 1) The Bull Market v. the Bear Market • Two ways to make money in the stock market: • Long term investment… • Speculation… 3) Margin buyers… Stock Market Simulation II How will you invest your money? Objective Identify & explain the causes of the 1929 stock market crash. 2) The weakness developing within the market?... … the # of Americans owning stock? The Stock Market Crash * Not a 1 or 2 day event Wall Street on Oct. 29, 1929 What happened on "Black Tuesday?”… The Stock Market Crash • The market lost 40 billion from Oct 29 to April of 1930 • The market crash is followed by The Great Depression • The economic low point: 1932-33 “the fundamental business of America is sound” - Hoover The Crash 4) Why did the stock market crash? (…Relate to our game?) The Causes of the 1929 Market Crash • • • • PANIC selling!!!!!! …No demand Speculation & margin purchase – Lack of government regulation… Undermined confidence in investment (fear), growth & spending (…FEAR!) 5) What was Andrew Mellon’s evaluation of the slump? Think… Where did the 40 billion in market assets (money) go when the market crashed? Paper profit… Think… Is paper profit real?... The impact of the Wall Street Crash… · 12M people out of work · 20K companies bankrupt · 1600 banks close · 1 in 20 farmers evicted · 23K suicides in one year–highest ever All of the above become issues in the Great Depression. Objective Summarize the reasons why the Great Depression occurred. Recession v. Depression Objective… Explain the differences between a recession & a depression Venn Diagram: Recession v. Depression Recession Economic activity slows down. •Consumer spending drops • Production (GDP), investment, household incomes, business profits & inflation fall. • Increased bankruptcies • Unemployment rise. • Governments response: Increasing money supply, increasing government spending & decreasing taxation. Depression A long-term downturn in economic activity in one or more countries. A depression is characterized by: •Lasting a long time •No buyers…suppliers cut production •Large increases in unemployment •No availability of credit •Price deflation •Bank failures Underlying Weaknesses 6) Why is it inaccurate to say that the stock market crash caused the Great Depression? GNP: Gross National Product… The total amount of goods & services produced within our economy 1929: GNP = $104 billion 1933: GNP = $56 billion 7) The underlying causes of the Great Depression?... “the worst economic slump in U.S. history” • Stock market crash & financial panic • High Tariffs limiting trade • Over production in industry • Weak agricultural economy • Unequal distribution of wealth Activity…The 5 Causes of the Great Depression Unite the cause of the Great Depression you have been given with four other causes and prepare to explain one of the causes when called upon. Interpret the following quote… “In effect, the automobile of American capitalism had one foot pressed to the accelerator of production and another on the brake of consumption.” - # of Americans owning stock? 8) Mass Unemployment 1929–1945 Mass Unemployment 9) What did it mean to be unemployed and without hope in the early 1930s? 10) Which groups found it easiest to keep work? Unemployment: Men line up outside an employment agency hoping to find work. Take out a piece of paper and answer the following questions… Does the government have a responsibility to help people in need? Why? What objections might there be if the government helps people in need? Objective… Analyze President Hoover’s philosophical and leadership response to the market crash and depression. Hoover’s beliefs… • This is “a business cycle” …“a temporary slump”…“The economy would fix itself” • Government should play a limited role in socio-economic problems. • Government’s role was to encourage & facilitate cooperation, not to control it. • Private solutions to socio-economic problems • Preached:“American Individualism”…“Welfare is not useful for society” Hoover’s Failure *11) What was Hoover’s response to the Depression and its massive suffering? • Slow to respond • Calls for city, state & private aid • Meets with key business leaders… Hoover’s Failure 12) How were the needs of the unemployed addressed in the early years of the Depression? Hoover’s Failure 14) What was Hoover’s plan and what assumption was it based on? Hoover: Too little, too late Hoover takes action… • Emergency Committee for Employment (1930)… • The Reconstruction Finance Corp. (RFC) (1932)… - Emergency financing for banks, life insurance, railroads and other large businesses. - “Trickle down” economics • Emergency Relief Act (1932)… On what forces outside the U.S. did President Hoover blame the country's economic problems?... Objective… Describe the “human cost” of the Great Depression. “No event of the twentieth century had a more profound impact on American life” Photo Journalist Project A picture is worth one thousand words. Mass unemployment…. •1929… 3% unemployment •1933… 25% unemployment Urban unemployment: - Cleveland 50% - Akron 60% - Toledo 80% The Depression Devastates Peoples Lives - Massive unemployment - Homeless/ Hoovervilles/ Shanty towns… - Soup kitchens & breadlines… - The younger generation travels – Hobos - African Americans: Lowest paid, first fired, targets of violence - People stop going to doctors/dentists - People give up dreams Where are the conditions of the Great Depression the most difficult to manage? Rural or urban? Why?... The Human Cost • Mortgage failures • Multiple families live together • Divorce rate decreases • Marriages decrease -25% • College enrollment drops • Males: Anxiety related to unemployment… Low self esteem • 3x normal the # admitted to mental hospitals • 1928-32: Suicide rate + 30% Poverty brings long term health effects for children… Malnutrition cause long term health issues for children The later impact on health… 50% of the men drafted for World War II in 194041 were rejected for medical or dental reasons… A letter to Hoover… December 1st, 1932 Dear President Hoover, My name is ___________________________________ and I have witnessed firsthand the economic hardships of the Great Depression. I have witnessed… As a citizen of this once great country I ask that you…. Sincerely, Hoover-ville, USA Hoover-ville, USA Hoover-ville, USA Soup line / Breadline What irony is expressed in his picture? Hoboes or Wild Boys of the rails Rural homeless… Penny auctions… http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ma04/hess/Slang/Hooverisms.html “Hooverisms”… Hoover is a “scapegoat – “Hoover-flag”… – “Hoover-blanket”… – “Hoover-hog”… – “Hoovervilles”… Why do Americans hate Hoover?… “Mellon pulled the whistle Hoover rang the bell Wall Street gave the signal And the country went to Hell.” 15) The 1932 protests… - Detroit Auto workers… - Farmers’ Holiday Association… - The “Bonus Army”… Farmers’ Holiday Association Meeting Dumping milk… The WWI “Bonus Army” Who? What? Where? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWvCCxOUsM8 When? Why? Bonus Marchers leaving… Hoover’s Administration • Congress passes the SmootHawley Tariff (1930)… - International trade down 50% http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dxPVyieptwA The 1932 Election Herbert Hoover (Republican) v. Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat) Activity: Article review… On Ending the Great Depression… Count off by 3.. 1) Hoover - Different 2) Roosevelt - Different 3) Hoover Roosevelt - Similar 4) Review your assignment with your group and write the differences or similarities on the board. …Be prepared to share with the class. I’hate this guy.… He thinks dog biscuits are direct relief. Hooverball Quiz terms…. • • • • • • • • • • • • Black Tuesday Paper Profit GNP Bull Market Bonus Army Farm Holiday Association Hoover Blanket Hooverville Smoot-Hawley Tariff Speculator Margin purchase Paper profit Recession v. depression Emergency Committee on Unemployment Andrew Mellon Over valued v. under valued stock Causes of the Market Crash Causes of the Great Depression Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) Who did Hoover’s efforts to end the Great Depression most help?