Transcript The Transformation of Enwise R&D sectors: virtual leverage for

The Transformation of Enwise R&D
sectors: virtual leverage for catching up
or a loss of human potential?
Dr. Nikolina Sretenova
Senior researcher
Institute for Philosophical Research
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
ENWISE Expert
E-mail: [email protected]
The Structure
• Pre-communist times (until World War II)
• Communist period (World War II - 1989)
• Transitional period (1990 - 1998/9)
• R&D Reform and Enlargement process
The Methodology
• - science centre: the country, which plays the role of
science centre, provides (for a certain period of time) the
norms, patterns and ideals of the scientific activity,
including the models for HE and R&D, the structures of
organisation and management of science, i.e. the
science policy
• - science periphery: the countries of the so-called
science periphery copy the science values, models and
structures provided by the science centre or at least
imitate them. The countries of the science periphery
transfer and adapt the science centre‘s models to their
national backgrounds
Pre-communist times (until World War II)
• Building of modern type Universities (19th C)
• Founding of National Academies of Sciences
(19th C) as learned societies
• Developing of democratic society and market
oriented economy (first half of 20th C)
Soviet/Centralized model of R&D sector
• Research institutions lost their autonomy
• Introduction of division of the R&D and HE sectors: NAS, branch
•
•
•
•
•
R&D and Universities
Full-time employment
Excessive scientific research in terms of both personnel and of the
ratio of its cost to the GDP
Self-sufficient economy and limited possibility for transfer of
advanced technologies from the most developed countries
Relative isolation
A general vision that a research institution has a positive value
simply by virtue of its existence, regardless of its relationship to
world science and to a real innovation process in a market economy
Communist science policy
• Funding mechanisms: state budget subsidy (generous
•
•
•
•
funding, privileged status of NAS)
Organization and management: centralized planning,
strict governmental control, ideological pressure
Human resource potential – overstaffing (30% to 40%
auxiliary personnel); training of the promising Enwise
human resource potential at the science centre (USSR)
Information and equipment supply: comparatively good,
though ‘selective’ information supply in social sciences
and humanities
International co-operation – mainly within the framework
of Comecon (‘Council for mutual Economic Assistance’)
Communist period (World War II - 1989)
• Bulgaria, the Czech and the Slovak
Republics (at the time both in Czechoslovakia),
Hungary, Poland and the German
Democratic Republic (GDR)
• The three Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania
• Slovenia and Romania
The strategic aim of the Enwise
countries of the Soviet Block
• Winning the Cold War Competition
• Building the rational socialist society
(Enwise scientists were no longer seen as
bearers of the national cultural traditions
and values, but as builders of rational
socialist society)
Transitional period (1990 - 1998/9)
• Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic and
Slovenia, identified afterwards for short as
CEECs
• The three Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia
and Lithuania
The ‘scientific community effort’ - Bottomup driven phase of transformations of HE
and R&D sectors (1990 – 1995)
In the CEECs
•
•
•
•
Legislation – restoration of the academic autonomy; decentralization –
self-governing research units
Drastic reduction of R&D personnel (on average with 50%) and its
optimization; the most affected group – young scientists and auxiliary
personnel, the less affected groups – senior R&D staff and the
administrative staff
Introduction of new funding mechanisms of R&D on the base of grant
system
Emergence of HE R&D sector
In the Baltic countries: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
•
•
The same formal pattern as above however with different content and
context
More radical transformation of their R&D sectors
The “policy makers’ effort” - Top-down
driven phase of transformations of HE
and R&D sectors
• Defining national priorities, needs and
opportunities
• Revising the adopted R&D and HE
legislation during the first phase of
transformation (1990 – 1995)
Challenges facing HE and R&D sector during
the transitional period
• Shortage of funding followed by the substantial
reduction of R&D personnel (on average by 50 per cent)
• Low salaries in HE and R&D sectors
• Brain drain to Western European countries and USA
• Ageing of academic and research staff. Two-thirds of
Enwise scientists are over 40. ‘Came, look around, left’
pattern became practice for young people who still come
to NAS (research institutes as a ‘transitional site’ for the
young people)
Table 1: R&D expenditure as a percentage of
GDP, selected years between 1992 and 2001
Country
%age
change
between
%age
change
between
Difference in
R&D
expenditure as
a %age of GDP
between
Difference in
R&D
expenditure as
a %age of GDP
between
1992
1995
1996
1997
2000
2001
1992-1996
1997-2001
1992-1996
1997-2001
Bulgaria (1)
1,64%
0,62%
0,52%
0,51%
0,52%
0,47%
-62%
-8%
-1,12%
-0,04%
Czech
Republic
1,72%
1,01%
1,04%
1,16%
1.33%
1,30%
-41%
12%
-0,68%
0,14%
:
:
:
:
0.66%
0,78%
:
:
:
:
Hungary
1,05%
0,73%
0,65%
0,72%
0.8%
0,95%
-30%
32%
-0,40%
0,23%
Latvia
0,59%
0,53%
0,47%
0,42%
0.48%
0,44%
-10%
5%
-0,12%
0,02%
:
0,46%
0,52%
0,56%
0.6%
0,69%
:
23%
:
0,13%
Poland
0,83%
0,69%
0,71%
0,71%
0.67%
0,68%
-17%
-4%
-0,12%
-0,03%
Romania
0,85%
0,80%
0,71%
0,58%
0.37%
0,39%
-6%
-33%
-0,14%
-0,19%
Slovak
Republic
1,80%
0,93%
0,92%
1,09%
0.65%
0,64%
-48%
-41%
-0,88%
-0,45%
Slovenia
1,91%
1,61%
1,36%
1,35%
1.46%
1,57%
-16%
16%
-0,55%
0,22%
Estonia
Lithuania
Table: Employment structure of academic staff by
scientific titles, sex and age in 2001/2002
Age
<25
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
≥65
Profess
ors
F
-
-
-
1
-
5
2
52
15
182
49
327
70
575
96
10131
52
Assoc.P
rof.
F
-
1
1
7
4
99
40
505
185
918
320
1672
548
1751
493
1237
434
471
116
Assis.
Prof.
F
90
64
1089
634
1301
641
1740
888
2384
966
19121
028
1391
679
826
442
279
88
90
32
Lecturer
s
F
132
64
393
237
417
270
423
260
640
400
598
392
516
330
361
202
172
63
80
28
Scientist
s
F
4
-
32
23
2
-
8
6
36
23
68
39
31
14
49
21
6
-
2
-
Total
F
226
128
1515
895
1727
915
2271
1194
3570
1576
3548
1794
3792
1620
3314
1228
2269
681
1656
328
Total%
0.9
6.3
7.2
9.5
14.9
14.8
15.9
13.9
9.5
6.9
Main Findings
• In the most Enwise countries, the reduction of their R&D
•
•
•
•
•
personnel during the transitional period was about 50 per
cent
The ageing of the R&D personnel with scientific degree is to
be observed in most Enwise countries
The effort for re-integration of research activities in
universities, i.e. the building of HES of R&D is rather more
formal than vital
Increasing number of Universities and equivalent HE
institutions and the corresponding increase in number of
students
Decreasing competition for admission to higher education
Ineffective and outdated system for scientific promotion
Main Challenges: Is it possible to replace the highly
qualified academics leaving the system? and How to attract
talented youngsters as research fellows?
The Transformation of Enwise R&D sectors:
virtual leverage for catching up or a loss of
human potential?
‘East European Academies in Transition’
(Eds.R.Mayntz, U. Schimank, P. Weingart),
Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998; ENWISE
countries + Russia, Belarus and Ukraine
• Defensive/egalitarian ‘survival strategy’
• Selective ‘survival strategy’ – Categorization of
each institute according to its scientific quality
with follow up diversification in the allocation of
institutional funds
• Local Initiatives at the level of research institute,
research team and even individual researcher
What about Russia?
• Russia now allocates 1.24% of its GDP to R&D sector
• Low salaries in HE and R&D sectors: a Russian assistant
•
•
professor can only expect to earn 83 euro a month
compared with 3,000 euros in EU, USA and Japan. As a
result many recent graduates are either working or
studying abroad, or working in business
Two-thirds of Russia’s scientists are over 40
While the EU countries are struggling to keep women in
science, Russia is struggling to keep its scientists in the
country
Some Hopes for the Future: Enwise Report
already takes off into the Bulgarian Public
Space
• International Conference ‘Promotion of Women in Science in
Southeastern Europe in the context of European Integration, 21-22
October 2004, Sofia, Bulgaria (organizers: Austrian Science and
Research Liaison Offices (ASOs) Ljubljana and Sofia; Centre for
Women’s Studies and Policies, Sofia). The Conference is being
supported by the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science
and Culture in the framework of the SEE science cooperation
initiative
• International Conference ‘European Day of the Entrepreneur’, 4-5
November 2004, Sofia, Bulgaria (organizers: Bulgarian Ministry
of Higher Education and Science; Sofia University) – session
‘Women and Science’
• ‘A Workshop for Early Career Researchers’, 4th December 2004,
Sofia, Bulgaria (organizers -PhD Research Career Development
Centre at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Marie Curie
Fellowship Association and Science’s Next Wave) – session ‘Women
in Science’
The Transformation of Enwise R&D
sectors: virtual leverage for catching
up or a loss of human potential?
Thank you for your attention