Transcript POPULATION TRENDS AND GROWTH

CH. 11 & 12
POPULATION
&
LIVING STANDARDS
CH. 11
POPULATION TRENDS
AND GROWTH
POPULATION
76 MILLION PEOPLE ARE ADDED PER YEAR
HOW MUCH IS A BILLION?
THE POPULATION CLOCK
POPULATION CONTROL
INDIA
CHINA
Proud Family??
Mao
“Every stomach = 2 arms”
1952 – Family Planning
1949 – BR encouraged = power
- Rhythm Method / Abstinence 1970 – Promoted ‘Two-Child’
1962 – Awareness – Songs / Radio
1979 – One Child Policy
1970 – Sterilization Programs & Targets
- Cash / Ed. / Medical /
- Vasectomies => need for sons!!
Housing
1975 – Coercion & Reward Tactics
> 1 = No Ed./Fines /Med.
- > 3 = X Schooling / Firings / Demotions
1977 – New gov’t Ends Coercion
- Ed. / Vol. Birth Control
1983 – Programs Not Working!!
2000 – Female Sterilization
2010 – BR down but
still too high!
PROBLEMS
- Rural areas = workers
- Pressure abortions
- Pressure sterilizations
Why Sons?? - Infanticide ( Boys #1)
- Too many men
- Lower pop. = no tax $
=>relaxed policies
DEMOGRAPHY
THE CENSUS
THE STUDY OF POPULATION
TRENDS AND ISSUES
CANADA – By law all Canadians to complete.
Why???
- Major = 10 yrs (yrs.ending in 1)
- Minor = 5 yrs (ending in 6)
DECIPHERING DATA
- Developed vs Developing Countries
- Calcutta vs Vancouver
Calcutta
CALCULATING POPULATION CHANGE
- Four basic components
- birth rate, death rate, immigration rate, emmigration rate
- Natural Increase = Birth Rate – Death Rate
- used to compare dev. vs developing countries
- Exponential Growth
- Doubling Time = 70 % of Natural Increase
- Net Migration = Immig. – Emmig.
- Population Growth Rate =
Natural Increase + Net migration
Country
INDIA
POP.
1.2
BILLION
RUSSIA
140
MILLION
CANADA
34
MILLION
GABON
1.5
MILLION
Vancouver
BR /
1000
DR /
1000
NI /
1000
23.0
8.5
14.5
10.8
15.1
-4.3
10.6
7.4
3.2
27.5
9.8
17.7
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
MODEL
INDIA/ CHINA CANADA
NOTE – China adopted a ‘one child’ / reward policy
/ India = sterilization & penalty programs.
POPULATION PROFILES
EARLY
EXPANDING
EXPANDING
STABLE
CONTRACTING
POPULATION
PYRAMIDS
(FOUR STAGES)
AGE COHORTS
WHY IMMIGRATION ???
DEPENDENCY RATIO
WORLD POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION
CORNUCOPIANS
NEOMALTHUSIANS
THE FUTURE ??
ECUMENE – The populated area of the world.
PHYSICAL
FACTORS
Climate
Landscape
Resouces
Soils
Vegetation
Water
Accessibility
WORLD POPULATION
POPULATION
DENSITY
AREA /SQ. KM
HUMAN
FACTORS
Government Policy
Disease
Development
Culture
Communication
POPULATION TIDBITS
-On the average, 12 newborns will be given to the wrong parents daily.
-Michael Jordan makes more money from Nike annually than the
entire Nike factory workers in Malaysia combined.
-The three most valuable brand names on earth: Marlboro,
Coca-Cola, and Budweiser, in that order.
-The three wealthiest families in the world have more assets
than the Combined wealth of the forty-eight poorest nations.
-The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910.
-If the population of China walked past you in single line, the line
would never end because of the rate of reproduction
-China has more English speakers than the United States
-An average person uses the bathroom 6 times per day.
CH 12
LIVING STANDARDS
IN A CHANGING WORLD
THE ‘HAVES’
THE ‘HAVE-NOTS’
MEASURING DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
The HDI measures standard of living.
The three HDI indicators.
1. Life expectancy
2. Literacy Rate
3. GDP per capita
LITERACY
RANK
COUNTRY
1
NORWAY
80.5
99%
$53, 433
4
CANADA
80.6
99%
$35, 812
NIGER
50.8
29%
$627
181
LIFE EX.
GDP ($US)
CATAGORIZING NATIONS
1. Developed (Canada)
2. Newly Industrializing Countries (Brazil)
3. Developing (Niger)
CLOSING THE GAP:
GOALS
HUNGER
EDUCATION
EQUALITY
CHILD MORTALITY
MATERNAL HEALTH
HIV/AIDS
ENVIRONMENT
DEVELOPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE
GDP Per Capita
• The higher the GDP per capita - the higher
the life expectancy - Canada GDP $1.3 Trillion
Country
Life Ex.
GDP
Mexico
72.1
$874 Billion
Botswanna
51.7
$11.8 Billion
USA GDP
$14.1 Trillion
Education
• The more education the female population
has the lower the birth rate
Country
Secondary
School
Birth Rate
/1000
Afghanistan
8%
52
Canada
100%
11
MEASURING LIVING
URBAN LIVING STANDARDS
GLOBALIZATION
(PROS/CONS)
QUALITY OF LIFE
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
(Control resources, indusrty => debt)
(HEALTH, LITERACY, EQUALITY,
SHANTYS, FREEDOMS,)
BARTER VS. CURRENCY
THE POVERTY TRAP
POVERTY LINE
Basic Needs
Can. Poverty = 70% income on daily needs
Dev’ing = $1.25 / day
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
WORLD BANK
MEGAPROJECTS (World Price drops???)
BURDEN OF DEBT
HEAVILY INDEBTED POOR COUNTRIES
(HIPC) – Loan forgiveness
CAN. + $ to Environment
THE VULNERABLE ONES
CHILDREN
THE POSITION OF WOMEN
-Male domination – legal rights
- Famine, disease, war, sanitation
-Honour Killings
- Family obligations – men search for work.
- Low literacy – Men only ed.
- Ed. Is the Solution – Low BR & IMR
- Polygamy
- No ed.
- U5MR (13 x more likely to die)
- Ethnic cleansing, land mines, soldiers
- Child labour, begging, stealing.
- Working Conditions
- Bonded Labour – Family Debts
THE HEALTH CRISIS
-LACK OF CLEAN WATER
-WHO = 1.2 Billion = no water.
-Clean water & sanitation = cure 10 % of disease
- EPEDEMICS
-Malaria – on the rise (1 Million/yr.)
- HIV/AIDS – (33 Million world wide; 2 Million died per Year) (See next slide)
WORLD AIDS
HELPING TO IMPROVE
LIVING STANDARDS
FOREIGN AID
1.
2.
3.
4.
OFFICIAL DEV’T ASSISTANCE (ODA)
- Aid by Gov’ts
NON-GOV’T ORGANIZATIONS
- Churches, Rotary, Oxfam, Red Cross
MULTILATERAL AID
- Aid from a # of Gov’ts.
- Usually big projects (Damns)
BILATERAL AID
- From one country to another
- Often = strings attached
Tied Aid (‘Buy Canadian’)
CAN. FOREIGN AID
CIDA Goals – water, infrastructure,
women’s poverty, rights, jobs,
& environment.
- Partnerships
Criticisms - 80% of funds on 20
priority countries (Africa???)
CANADA’S 20 PRIORITY COUNTRIES
FACTS TO PONDER– World military = $1.5 Trillion / All Dev’t Goals= $143 Billion.
- UN target = .7 % of GNP / Canada = .32% GNP
- Dictators have leached Aid from the poor – NGOs working to end abuse.
- small local projects have helped leaching – water pumps to rural areas
LINKING AID TO HUMAN RIGHTS
Many of those in need often live under regimes
that abuse human rights.
THE CASE FOR DENYING AID
-Gov’ts must change ways first.
- deny aid when human rights are violated
- will aid get to those in need? Army??
- Human rights are key in Canada, must
Also be key to aid
THE CASE FOR GIVING AID
-Different cultures = different rights;
Who are we to judge?
Women’s rights vary from
culture to culture.
- Good causes should not be confused
with rights.
-Poverty = breeding ground for violations.
The Allocation
Problem
1. Who does each represent?
2. Is there enough food for both?
3. What happens to the food
production in Africa?
(Cash Crops)
4. How would you break the
hunger cycle?
MATH PROBLEM
If the world produces 12,500KJ/
person of food daily and 10,000KJ/
person is needed, is there a food
shortage?
Yes/ No
WORLD AIR TRAFFIC
The “Haves” & “The Have Nots”