Transcript Pro-poor Technology for Communities

STI Capacity Building Partnerships
for Sustainable Development
The World Bank
Pro-poor Technology for Communities:
An African Perspective
Dr Reinie Biesenbach
Dr Harry Swart
Ms Cynthia Malan
10 December 2009
Bottom of the Pyramid
“More than 4 billion people live at the
BOP on less than $2 a day”
CK Prahalad
The New Age of Innovation
“Value is based on unique, personalised
experiences of consumers. The focus is on the
centrality of the individual (N = 1)”
CK Prahalad and MS Krishnan
Science for Sustainable Development
“Science for sustainable development – in energy,
health, agriculture, climate, water, and other areas –
might be targeted at $70 billion per year…”
Jeffrey Sachs
2
Scientific Apartheid
“There is a real danger that the benefits of proprietary
science will serve to bring more and more to the
privileged few rather than serve the needs of the
billions of the marginalised poor and their children”
Ismail Serageldin
Technological Risk
“All of our current problems are unintended
negative consequences of our existing
technology”
Jared Diamond
3
Africa is huge!
4
Ubuntu – I Am Because You Are
African Relational Culture
Relatio
Ratio
Who
What
Community
Individual
Character
Credentials
Member
Actor
History
Future
Relationships
Goods and Services
Source: Gertjan van Stam, LinkNet, Zambia
5
Western Rational Culture
Poverty in Africa
6
Main Determinants of STI for
Sustainable Development
7

Poverty and Deprivation, leading to a Poverty &
Deprivation Index (PDI);

Scientific and Technological Readiness, leading
to a Technology Capacity Index (TCI);

The pro-poor nature of emerging and new
technologies; and

The socio-cultural issues involved in working
with rather than for communities
Poverty and Deprivation Index [PDI]
Poverty and
Deprivation Index
(PDI)
INCOME
Deprivation
LIVELIHOOD
Deprivation
HEALTH
Deprivation
• GDP per capita
• Unemployment
Rate %
• The infant mortality
rate/1,000 births;
• Inflation Rate
%
• The HIV/Aids
prevalence in
adults and/or the
HIV/AIDS deaths;
• GINI
Coefficient
• AID as % of
GNI
• Development
Assistance per
capita
• % of Population
below Poverty
Line
• GDP Growth
Rate %
8
• Potential
entrants to job
market
(Children under
15)
• The incidence of
malaria and
tuberculosis (% of
population);and
• The potential for
major infectious
diseases.
EDUCATION
Deprivation
LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Deprivation
•
The literacy rate;
•
The school
expectancy (in yrs)
• The freshwater withdrawal (% of
available resource);
• The national per capita electricity
use.
•
Years Schooling
•
Primary and
secondary school
enrolment as % of
children of schoolgoing age;
• Access to drinking water and
sanitation (% of population)
The literacy rate
for the population
and for the youth.
• Urban Slums (% of urban
population)
•
• Solid Fuel Use per capita
• Electricity & residential energy
consumption per capita
• % of population living in slums
After HSRC, Stats SA & Oxford University
Technology Capacity Index [TCI]
Technology Capacity
Index (TCI)
National Institutional
Capacity
Human Capital
• R&D expenditure as % of
GNP; and
• The national education
expenditure as % of GNP;
• The number Institutions &
universities per million of the
population
• The number of
scientists/engineers per
million of population;
• The S&T journal
articles/scientists &
engineers; and
National Physical
Infrastructure
• The Communication
infrastructure (access to land
lines, cell phones and
internet);
• The transport infrastructure
(air fields, railways and
roadways); and
• The degree of urbanisation.
• The number of patents
(USPTO & EPO)/scientists &
engineers
9
After Rand Corporation
Poverty & Deprivation Index [PDI]
PDI vs TCI – 41 selected Nations
100%
Most Populous Nations
SADC Countries
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Technology Capacity Index [TCI]
10
80%
>>>>
100%
Poverty & Deprivation Index [PDI]
PDI vs TCI – International,
SADC and Sub-regional Level Comparison
100%
Most Populous Nations
SADC Countries
80%
SA Provinces (normalised)
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
0%
0%
20%
20%
40%
40%
60%
60%
Technology Capacity Index [TCI]
11
80%
80%
>>>>
100%
100%
PDI and TCI – two typical examples
INCOME Deprivation
PDI
Asian Country
LIVELIHOOD Deprivation
HEALTH Deprivation
African Country
EDUCATION Deprivation
LIVING ENVIRONMENT Deprivation
Deprivation
TCI
Asian Country
Normalised Human
Index
African Country
Technology Capacity
12
Normalised Institutional
Index
Normalised Physical
Infrastructure Index
Relative Poverty and Deprivation
in Africa
 There is only one African
economy that falls in the
least deprived category;
 The most deprived
countries lie in a swathe
across central Africa;
 The north African states
are less deprived than
those in the south of the
continent, with HIV/AIDS
making the difference.
13
Most deprived
Least deprived
Poverty & Deprivation Index [PDI]
PDI vs TCI – 166 Countries
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
14
20%
40%
60%
Technology Capacity Index [TCI]
80%
>>>>
100%
Poverty & Deprivation Index [PDI]
PDI vs TCI – 166 Countries
100%
Countries of the world
80%
African Countries
60%
40%
20%
0%
0%
15
20%
40%
60%
Technology Capacity Index [TCI]
80%
>>>>
100%
Mozambique
Relative Provincial Deprivation Indices
66.9%
64.6%
69.3%
66.6%
67.4%
69.5%
58.3%
50.2%
52.7%
58.4%
44.0%
Maputo Province = 18.1%
Maputo CITY= 3.9%
16
11.0%
Based on World Bank provincial
data for Mozambique
Mozambique Relative
Provincial Deprivation Indices
Tete
Manica
INCOME Deprivation
LIVELIHOOD Deprivation
Maputo
Province
HEALTH Deprivation
EDUCATION Deprivation
LIVING ENVIRONMENT Deprivation
17
Pro-poor technologies
18
Framework of a potential pro-poor
technology portfolio
Water & Sanitation
STI advances
Transportation STI
advances
Medicine & Health
STI advances
Energy STI
advances
Pro-poor
Technology
Portfolio
Information &
Communication STI advances
19
Food & Agriculture
STI advances
Housing STI
advances
Pro-poor relevance of 450 technologies
Relative Relevance (Most relevant technologies)
0
Income
Livelihood
Health
Education
Living Env
Institutional
Human
Infrastructure
Governance
20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pro-poor relevance of 450 technologies
Relative Relevance (Most relevant technologies)
0
Income
Livelihood
Health
Education
Living Env
Institutional
Human
Infrastructure
Governance
21
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pro-poor relevance – Health &
Medicine [Examples]
22

Cheap diagnostic kits for developing economies

Edible vaccines

Gene therapy

Low-cost malaria remedies & malaria therapy solutions

New remedies for killer diseases

Paper health-diagnostic tests & rapid bio-assays

Pro-poor diagnostic & prevention technologies

Systems biology

Tissue engineering
Pro-poor relevance of 450 technologies
Relative Relevance (Most relevant technologies)
0
Income
Livelihood
Health
Education
Living Env
Institutional
Human
Infrastructure
Governance
23
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pro-poor relevance – Food &
Agriculture [Examples]

Agricultural engineering advances

Biotechnology advances

Crop health product advances

Food technology

Genetic modification of insects to control pests and
disease vectors
24

Genetically modified (GM) crops

Hyper-accumulating plants to take toxins out of the soil
Pro-poor relevance of 450 technologies
Relative Relevance (Most relevant technologies)
0
Income
Livelihood
Health
Education
Living Env
Institutional
Human
Infrastructure
Governance
25
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pro-poor relevance – ICT [Examples]
26

Access Network Technology

Affordable Computer Processing Stations/Platforms

Battery-driven Computers

Communication devices for ubiquitous information access

Health-insight information system technologies

Internet technologies

Rural wireless communications
Pro-poor relevance of 450 technologies
Relative Relevance (Most relevant technologies)
0
Income
Livelihood
Health
Education
Living Env
Institutional
Human
Infrastructure
Governance
27
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pro-poor relevance – Housing &
Transportation
28

No technologies from these two sectors in our list of 450;

What about, for example:
o
Low-cost housing technologies?
o
Low-cost transportation devices/means?
o
Transport Logistics?
Socio-cultural Issues when
working with African Communities
•
Understand the needs and processes of the community;
•
Embrace the local culture;
•
Promote local market mechanisms;
•
Innovate on existing platforms;
•
Be holistic; and
•
Co-create.
After Chevrollier, 2009
29
Reasons for optimism . . .
In South Africa, the National Advisory
Council on Innovation recently established a
Committee on Innovation for Development
(Inno4Dev) to
promote inclusive innovation
http://www.naci.org.za/
in the country’s dual economy
http://www.naci.org.za/
31
In Mozambique efforts are under way to implement a
decentralised National System of Innovation
Dr. Hannes Toivanen, personal communication
32
Last month Fraunhofer of Germany launched its
Net4DC activity portfolio “Connecting The
Unconnected”, aimed at developing technologies to
provide access to global communication
infrastructures and services for rural, emerging and
developing areas;
http://www.fokus.fraunhofer.de/en/net/projekte/NET4DC/index.html
33
Initiatives such as Eco-Patent Commons,
GreenXchange, the Global Responsibility License
and the Global Innovations Commons are relevant to
the sharing of global knowledge
Eg, http://www.globalinnovationcommons.org/
34
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and the
Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs are actively
promoting STI in various parts of Africa to create an
enabling environment to facilitate upliftment.
Dr. Hannes Toivanen, Personal communication
35
In June of this year, TNO in the Netherlands published its first
TNO Corporate Social Responsibility annual report on the
principles of a triple-bottom line approach.
http://www.tno.nl/content.cfm?context=overtno&content=nieuwsbericht&laag1=37&item_id=2009-06-09%2013:12:09.0&Taal=2
36
Focused, radical, inclusive
innovation to develop local STI solutions
Technology Capacity Areas
Country
Deprivation
Solutions Matrix
37
Multiple Deprivation Areas
Income
Livelihood
Health
Education
Living
Environment
Institutions
The axes of this matrix represent the primary and
enabling STI environments.
Human
Capital
Physical
Infrastructure
For any given country, insight into the current
state of these 8 parameters reflects the collective
needs of the country, and serves as basis for the
development of an appropriate STI programme
So what?
In Conclusion
 Work with communities;
 Look for opportunities to co-create;
 Forge appropriate, sustainable partnerships;
 Understand poverty and deprivation at community level;
 Identify the key challenges;
 Introduce relevant pro-poor technology to achieve
sustainable solutions;
 Measure the impact;
 Build on experience to improve approaches.
39
Therefore…
Let us live our dreams, not our history.
The future we desire will not come from an
extension of the past.
40
Thank you.
CONTACT DETAILS
41
Dr Reinie Biesenbach
[email protected]
Ms Cynthia Malan
[email protected]
Dr Harry Swart
[email protected]