Transcript Chapter 18 GlobalVillage1&2

One World
The Global Village
One World
“Humanity stands at a defining moment in history. We are
confronted with a perpetuation of disparities between
and within nations, a worsening of poverty, hunger, ill
health and illiteracy, and the continuing deterioration of
the ecosystems on which we depend for our well-being.
However integration of environment and development
concerns and greater attention to them will lead to the
fulfillment of basic needs, improved living standards for
all, better protected and managed ecosystems and a
safer, more prosperous future. No nation can achieve
this on its own; but together we can - in a global
partnership for sustainable development.”
Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June, 1992.
The Global Village
 A Canadian professor of
Communications,
Marshall McLuhan noted
that the world seemed
to be getting smaller all
the time.
 His phrase “the global
village” describes the
situation aptly.
Transportation and Communications
The Global Village Transportation
 Transportation on land, sea and
air have been revolutionized
during the last century or two.
 In the 19th century the railway
transformed British North America and
helped to create a new country.
 Traveling overland across Canada
went from being a virtual impossibility
to a relatively comfortable trip of less
than a week.
The Global Village Transportation II
Modern aircraft shorten the journey even more.
It now takes as little as 9 hours to fly from
London, England to Vancouver, BC.
Future generations of SCRAMJET aircraft may
reduce this time to under 1 hour.
The Global Village Transportation III
Our technological achievements are even
taking us beyond this world - into space.
The Global Village Communications
Time and space are
also compressed by
modern means of
communications.
Telephones, fax
machines and the
internet bring
people together
instantly.
The Global Village Communications II
 In the developing world,
cell phone and satellite
communications may
enable countries to
avoid the problems and
expense of maintaining
land-line links.
The Global Ecosystem
The Global Ecosystem
The world is a closed
system. Changes in
its elements may
have wide-ranging
effects.
Biological systems
may be local, but
they still interact with
larger systems.
The Global Ecosystem II
Man has a huge
impact upon the
natural world.
Entire ecosystems
have been modified
or entirely replaced.
The Global Ecosystem III
In recent years much concern has been voiced
over the loss of rain forest in temperate &
tropical climates. Rainforests are sometimes
referred to as the “lungs of the planet”.
The Global Ecosystem IV
Since 1970 the world’s wooded area per
1,000 population has been reduced from
11.4 square kilometers to less than 7.3.
From 1990 to 2000, the rate of loss of
forest cover was .2% per year – 9,
391,000 hectares in total.
The Global Ecosystem V
Concern has been expressed over the
loss of plant and animal species as
woodland is converted to pasture or
cropland.
The Global Ecosystem VI
Deforestation has
sometimes led to
desertification,
permanently altering
the local ecosystem
and even triggering
local climate change.
Former farmland in
South Australia
The Global Ecosystem VII
 Water bodies, like
the land, are also
affected by man’s
actions.
 Irrigation projects
launched by the
government of the
former Soviet Union
has deprived this water
body of fresh water
volume.
 The sea is now
shrinking and sea life is
dying in the saltier new
environment.
The Shrinking Aral Sea
The Global Ecosystem VIII
 The United Nations reported in
1998 that 20 countries already
suffer from water stress - with
less than 1,000 cubic meters of
water per capita available.
 It also reports that the 1950
total of 17,000 cubic meters
per capita has been reduced to
merely 7,000 today.
 As population increases, our
ability to sustain life is being
reduced. The UN suggests that
2/3 of the world’s population
will face moderate to severe
stress in 2025.
The Global Ecosystem IX
Local incidents may
now have regional,
or even global
implications, as the
Chernobyl nuclear
accident of 1986
showed. Radiation
fallout
contaminated wide
areas of Europe.
Global Warming
 One of the most alarming
threats facing the world
is global warming.
 Though the earth has
warmed and cooled a
number of times in the
past, it has not happened
so quickly before – and
this time it is triggered by
human activity.
Global Warming
Global Warming
Human production of
greenhouse gases
allows more heat to
be retained within the
atmosphere than
would occur without
them.
The result is heating
of the earth – with
many ecological
changes.
Global Warming
 Melting Icecaps.
 Desertification.
Global Warming
Rapid changes in
living conditions for
plants and animals.
Rising sea levels as
polar ice melts.
Global Warming
 Were it not fore the poor
world economy, this
would be a top story in
the news.
 President Bush largely
ignored the issue.
Obama sees it as
important, but cannot get
enough political support
to deal with it.
 Others, including most
scientists, believe action
must be taken now – to
avert a global
catastrophe.
Copenhagen Conference
•When the world met at
Copenhagen in December
2009, there were high hopes
for progress in dealing with
climate change, a treaty to
replace and improve upon the
1997 Kyoto Protocol.
•Coming during a major world
economic downturn, it resulted
in disaster.
•In particular, there was a
falling out between the US
and China.
Copenhagen Conference
 China, now the #1 producer
of greenhouse gasses, wants
special treatment as a
developing nation – something
accepted at earlier talks.
 The US wants China treated
like a developed nation. In
addition, Obama is unable to
get Congress to even consider
cuts to US emissions as
Republicans, especially of the
“Tea Party” sort – don’t even
accept the premise of climate
change.
The Global Economy
The Global Economy
Trade has always
brought intercultural
contact.
Globalization -today’s
international
economy has made
brought unparalleled
integration. Money
trades freely in most
of the world.
The Global Economy II
Since World War II
international trade and
investment has grown
enormously.
In the developed world
prosperity increased
enormously.
Newly industrialized
economies have also
prospered.
The Global Economy III
Nonetheless, business
is not without risks.
The lure of better
profits elsewhere can
cause investors to
pull their money out.
Money can leave
quickly, resulting in
devastation in local
economies.
The Global Economy IV
In the late 1990’s currency speculators
devastated some newly industrializing
Asian economies when they withdrew
funds from local currencies.
The Global Economy V
 In 2008 the world economy experienced the most serious crisis since
1929.
 Years of governments deregulating and not enforcing regulations
resulted in some the creation of new kinds of investments, called
derivatives.
 These are investment certificates based on packaged securities, like
ownership of mortgage debt. In an ideal world the risk is analyzed by
mathematical models and derivatives serve as insurance policies.
 The problem lay in banks selling off their risk, so they lost any reason to
be careful in their lending.
 Buyers of securities did not really know how much shaky debt they
were buying. When the US real estate market headed downward a
banking crisis followed.
The Global Economy VI
Banks stopped
lending and the world
economy was on the
verge of collapse.
National governments
bailed out the
banking system and
spent massively to
keep business and
employment afloat.
The Global Economy VII
 Taxpayers were left to bail out big banks, big investors, and large
corporations.
 Governments now faced huge debt problems. They, quite rightly, spent
money borrowed from the future to prevent a new Great Depression
today.
 When to stop spending and how soon the money should be paid off are
questions facing all governments today.
 Governments that seek to eliminate the debt quickly cut services to do
so and hit the poor and middle class hardest. There is huge resistance
to increasing taxes.
 It seems we have privatized profit and socialized risk for major
corporations and investors.
 Worse still, focus on economic problems get in the way of dealing with
other pressing problems.
One World
We are stewards of a rare and special planet.
Mankind must act responsibly to ensure that
our planet survives. There can be no going
back to the past; we must create a
sustainable future.
Population and Resources
All is not lost
Prophets of doom have regularly
predicted global disaster.
“Population, when
unchecked, increases in a
geometrical ratio.
Subsistence increases only
in an arithmetical ratio.”
Thomas Malthus
In fact, food production
has more than kept up with
population increases.
All is Not Lost II
The 1972 Club of Rome
publication Limits to
Growth predicted that at
current rates of use,
reserves of minerals would
be used up by the turn of
the century.
We have not reduced
consumption, yet reserves
are still adequate.
All is Not Lost III
We have already
passed the human
population Earth
can sustain.
Paul Ehrlich, author of The
Population Bomb, has
regularly predicted massive
global famines - yet more
people are better fed today
than at any time in history.
Environmental Problems
Environmental Problems
are Very Real
The prophets of doom
may have exaggerated,
but their warnings
should still be heeded.
We must address
ecological and economic
problems to avoid
disasters.
Industrial Waste
in the Danube River
Environmental Problems
are Very Real II
Our water and air quality is stressed in
the developed and developing world alike.
What is Being Done?
Huge progress has been
made in fixing problems in
the developed world.
London, England, no
longer experiences the
killing smog of the 1950’s
and earlier.
The Thames River is
cleaner than it has been in
centuries.
Aid
International Aid
We all have a vested
interest in solving
problems in the
“global village.”
Those of us in the
developed world have
the financial
resources to pay for
remedies.
Solutions to problems
may be global or
local.
Multilateral Aid
Aid directed from
many sources to one
or more recipients is
known as multilateral.
Organizations like the
World Bank or
UNICEF frequently
dispense such
assistance.
Bilateral Aid
Aid directed from one country directly to
another is known as bilateral assistance.
Canada
Tied Aid
Sometimes aid is
given with strings
attached.
Recipients may have
to buy goods or
support donor
countries politically in
return for aid.
Military Aid
Much “foreign aid” is
given in the form of
military equipment.
Donors see their
equipment in action.
They can also dispose
of surplus goods.
Military Aid II
Military assistance may
hinder, rather than
assist, development as
regional arms races
spiral out of control,
drawing an increasingly
large portion of
developing countries’
budgets.
Grassroots Aid
Development experts agree on
one thing: For development
aid to work, it must get into the
hands of those in need.
Too often, corrupt officials skim
a portion of the money.
Sometimes little is left by the
time aid reaches people at the
lowest and neediest levels of
society.
Grassroots Aid II
“We need to be clear; corruption is not the
grease that oils the economy. Corruption
undermines economic stability, deters
foreign and domestic investment, and
erodes support for development
assistance. Above all, corruption imposes
a disproportionately heavy burden on the
poor.”
James D. Wofensohn
President, World Bank,July, 1998.
Non-Governmental
Aid
Independent relief agencies are often best
placed to ensure the delivery of grassroots aid.
Click for hyperlink
NGO’s
Doctors from around the world volunteer
their professional abilities to help in
developing countries.
NGO’s
Oxfam provides technical assistance to
help at the grassroots level.
Oxfam’s cheap and effective
water bucket has been lauded
as an outstanding example of
British practical design.
Oxfam designed, but locally
made, these latrine covers
markedly improve sanitation.
NGO’s
Operation Eyesight Universal
 Founded by Dr. Ben
Gullison, in 1947, OEU
sends volunteers to
developing countries to
perform vision-restoring
procedures.
Dr. Gullison & his wife
NGO’s
Operation Eyesight Universal II
Cards are
sent to
donors,
informing
them of what
their specific
donation has
accomplished
Emergency Aid
 When Michael Buerk’s televised
report from Ethiopia was
broadcast, the response to his
horrific images was astounding.
 British rock stars formed Band
Aid, recording first a charity
single, then initiating the Live
Aid fund raising concert. Artists
elsewhere followed suit including a Canadian effort Northern Lights - and a BC
effort by the West Coast
Recording Artists.
Emergency Aid II
Food, water, medicine and shelter were
needed immediately and the overwhelming
response saved the lives of many.
However, once the emergency had passed,
priorities shifted to long-term assistance in
constructing roads and infrastructure.
To continue delivering goods would have
harmed the local economy.
Free food drives local farmers out of
business!
Long Term Aid
Grassroots recipients know
what they need.
Aid donors can assist by
providing funding and
technical assistance with
appropriate technology.
The key is to help people
to help themselves.
Technology
Appropriate
Technology
In many instances, western
technology is inappropriate.
Engine driven machinery
requires fuel and spare
part; pedal drives might be
more applicable in lowincome areas.
Solar or wind power may
provide all the energy
required for small
enterprises.
Click on logo for hyperlink
Appropriate Technology II
Inexpensive &
locally
produced,
a Zimbabwean
Scotchcart can
lighten a rural
worker’s load.
The concept of using intermediate
technology, first championed by E.F.
Schumacher, is now widely accepted as the
best development option for poorer parts of
the world.
Appropriate Technology III
It is in the developed world
that technological change is
fastest.
In the past such developments
as fuel injection greatly
increased fuel efficiency in
internal combustion engines.
Future innovations - like fuel
cell engines or fusion power
may bring revolutionary
changes for the better.
Finance
Micro-financing
E.F. Schumacher’s
comment that “small is
beautiful” applies not only
to technology.
Dr. Mohammad Yunus
pioneered small business
loans to the very poor.
 His Grameen Bank concept
has since been copied
around the world, even in
developed countries.
Dr. Yunus
Micro-financing II
Grameen Banks lend to individuals who
must be part of a group of people who all
hope to obtain loans.
For the second loan to be obtained, the
first must be paid.The group has a great
incentive to help out if need be.
Grameen bank loans go to women in low
gender-equity countries. This improves
the status of women.
Micro-financing II
The Grameen experiment has been a
huge success and it now provides loans
to more than 2 million low-income
people.
Loan repayment rates are better than
those of conventional banks.
This is grassroots aid at its best helping the poor help themselves.
The Future
The Future
The Club of Rome’s doomsday predictions
were wrong.
As crises loom, we have always pulled
back from the precipice.
Emerging problems stimulate the
discovery of new solutions.
The Future II
Solutions, like problems, know no
boundaries.
Automakers scramble to meet
California’s tough emission
standards and the whole world
reaps the benefits.
Intermediate Technologies’ web pages
are open to all.
Perhaps the 21st century will see us
begin to clean up our global village.
Chapter 18- Looking Forward
Do Activity Sheet- 18-1 & 18-2
Do Activities:
-Page 425-1-4
-Page 454-1-3
Image Credits
Image Credits
Every effort has been made to credit images used in this presentation.
All images not otherwise credited have been obtained from clip art
collections or are believed to be in the public domain. The authors
would be pleased to correct any omissions.
Slide #5 – Courtesy of Dr. Paul Ehrlich from
http://www.stanford.edu/group/CCB/Staff/paul.htm
Slide #6 – Courtesy, UNOPS project related photo gallery “Sampling of Industrial
Waste”
Slide #9 – Private collection, K. J. Benoy (Both London)
Slide #19 - Images courtesy of Oxfam
Slide #20 - Images courtesy of Operation Eyesight International and Mrs.
Gullison.
Slide #21 - Image courtesy of Operation Eyesight International.
Slide #26 - Images courtesy of the Schumacher Centre for Technology
Development
Slide #28 – Private collection, K.J. Benoy and Grameen Communication