Transcript Lecture 13 - Chapter 16

OTHER Requested Topics
Combating a Cold . . . Boost Your Immunity
Insomnia
Fasting
High Soy Diet Bad for Women?
http://video.answers.com/the-estrogen-in-soy-compared-to-a-womansnatural-estrogen-231378451
Coffee makes you sleepy
Caffeine – inhibits Fe absorption
Chapter 16
Anti-aging,
Cancer,
Preventative
Medicine
OUTLINE
Nutrition & Aging
Alternative Medicine
Alcohol
Nutrition & Cancer
Summary and Conclusions
Four Stages of Adulthood
Ages 19-30 (very young adulthood)
 Ages 31-50 (young adulthood)
 Ages 51-70 (middle-age adulthood)
 Ages 70 and up (older adulthood)
 Nutritional needs change
 Lifestyle and nutrition play important roles

Diet for Younger Adults
Emphasis on plant/ whole grain products
 Moderate intake of cured and smoked foods
 Adequate fluoride
 Plenty of fluids
 Iron-rich foods for women
 Folate concerns for women
 Calcium and vitamin B-12 concerns for vegans

How Are We Doing –
the U.S. since 1950s?
Eating less saturated fat
 Eating more cheese . . .sat fat.
 Eating less animal fat and more vegetable oils
 Leaner cattle and hogs available (farmers)
 High intakes of white bread, beef, chicken,
milk, donuts, cakes, cookies, soft drinks,
mayonnaise, sugar/sweets

Life Span
 Maximum
can live
 Record
number of years a human
– 122 years (woman)
– 114 years (man)
 Dependent
on genes and
environment
Life Expectancy
Number of years an average person, born
in a specific year, is expected to live
 In North America:

– 75 yrs for men
– 80 yrs for women
– Only 64 “healthy years”

Anticipate a tremendous growth in the
85+ years old population by 2020
Graying of America
 People
over 65:
– Account for
– Account for
medication
– Account for
– Account for
budget
 65%
13% of the US population
~25% of all prescription
40% of all hospitalizations
50% of federal health
have nutrition-related problems
What is Aging?

“Process of slow cell death”
– Cells age and die
– Aging body can no longer replenish cells or
meet physiological demands

Organs retain reserve capacity
– Maintain normal function with decreased cell
number or activity for a while
– After reserve capacity is exhausted, function
decreases
Challenge Question

What is the reserve capacity of an organ?
The extent to which an organ can preserve normal function despite
decreasing cell number or cell activity
What happens when the bodies reserve capacity of
certain organ cells starts depleting?
Organ function and body function deteriorate (e.g. kidney failure)
Decline of Physiological Function
What Causes Aging?
Mutagens,
Pesticides, too much SUN!
Free radicals, Oxygen
Reduce Quantity of Calories!
Resveratrol and Anti Aging

SIRt -1 Activator –
– Mimics Calorie Restriction (CR) diet effect

Increases mitochondria turnover
– Replaces worn out mitochondria
 (less free radical production, cell damage)
 Forms New Mitochondria - more efficient
resveratrol
– Higher E returns . . More ATP, less free radicals . . ?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R3
TGKOQeTrc&NR=1&feature=fvwp
Fountain of Youth?

National Institute on Aging www.nia.nih.gov
– Free fact sheet
– Diet and lifestyle practices to minimize decline
Avoid excessive sun exposure
 Avoid exposure to environmental hazards and
chemicals (herbicides, toxins, oil, carcinogens)
 Healthy diet; low calorie diet?

– Why Vegos live longer. . .
OUTLINE
Nutrition & Aging
Alternative Medicine
Alcohol
Nutrition & Cancer
Summary and Conclusions
Alternative Medicine
Not evaluated by FDA
 Questionable purity and quantity
 Possible health risks
 Use only one product at a time
 Keep a diary of symptoms
 Check with physician before discontinuing
prescribed medication

Alternative Medicine
tannins
Alternative Medicine – See class website

Alternative Medicine Foundation

NCCAM Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Citation Index nccam.nih.gov/
www.amfoundation.org
American Botanical Council abc.herbalgram.org
 Complementary and Alternative Medicine Program at
Stanford camps.stanford.edu/
 National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary
Supplements ods.od.nih.gov/
 Natural Medicine Comprehensive Database

www.naturaldatabase.com
OUTLINE
Nutrition & Aging
Alternative Medicine
Alcohol
Nutrition & Cancer
Summary and Conclusions
Alcohol Absorption

Absorbed rapidly via simple diffusion
– Not digested really
Depends on rate of stomach emptying
 Rate of absorption

– Wine  liqueur  beer (slowest)
Alcohol is found wherever water is found
in the body
 Easily moves through the cell membrane
(damaging it)

Alcohol (Ethanol) Metabolism
 Depends
on
– Gender, race, size, food, physical
condition, alcohol content
 Women
metabolize Alcohol differently!
– Less metabolism using stomach cells
– Less water in body to dilute effects
 Majority
is metabolized by the liver
 Alcohol cannot be stored
 Alcohol has priority in metabolism
– Vs protein, carbohydrate, fat (i.e. stored)
Benefits of Moderate Alcohol
Consumption

One drink:
– 12 oz beer or wine cooler
– 5 oz wine
– 3 oz sherry or liqueur
– 1.5 oz 80-proof distilled spirits
Decrease risk for cardiovascular disease
 Socialization

Alcohol Abuse
Contributes to 5 of 10 leading causes of death
 When combined with tobacco

– Increases the risk for esophageal and oral cancer

Increased risk for:
– Heart damage, arrhythmia, hypertension, stroke,
osteoporosis, brain damage, colorectal cancer,
breast cancer, nutritional deficiencies, fetal
damage, obesity, impotence, sleep disturbances,
infections, hypoglycemia
Cirrhosis
Fatty infiltration of the liver
 Increased synthesis of fat
 Enlarged fat cells

– Choke off nutrient and O2 supply to liver cells
– Engorged fat cells burst and die





Scar tissues
50% chance of death within 4 years
Advanced stages are not reversible
Destruction of vital tissues regardless of diet
Transplant is common
Alcohol Dependence


Most common psychiatric disorder
Affects 13% of North Americans
Addictive and dangerous (loss of 10 years of life???)
 Genetic influence

–
–
–
–

Tolerance to alcohol
Be aware of alcohol consumption
Children of alcoholics are 4x more likely to become alcoholics themselves
Warn children of alcoholic families of the dangers by age 10
Long-term drinking poses risk for all
– Drinking increasing quantities
Diagnosis
Physiological dependence on alcohol
 Tolerance to the effects of alcohol
 Alcohol-associated illnesses (memory loss,
liver disease, etc.)
 Continued drinking in defiance of medical
and social contraindications
 Depression and blackouts
 Flushed face/reddened skin

CAGE Screening
C: Have you every felt you ought to cut down
on drinking?
 A: Have people annoyed you by criticizing
your drinking?
 G: Have you ever felt bad or guilty about
your drinking?
 E: Have you ever had a drink first thing in the
morning to steady your nerves or to get rid of a
hangover? (As an eye-opener)

Treatment

Guidance from a physician (blood work?)
– Liver enzymes (AST and ALT) elevated?
Counseling
 Total abstinence
 AA 12-step program
 Treatment programs
 Medication (blocks craving or causes
physical reaction when drinking)

Guidance Regarding Alcohol

Dietary Guidelines for Americans
– Moderation (1/day ~ Women, 2/day ~ Men)
– Lower risk for CVD
– Little benefits for younger people
Drink with meals
 Don’t drink and drive
 Avoid drinking while pregnant

OUTLINE
Nutrition & Aging
Alternative Medicine
Alcohol
Nutrition & Cancer
Summary and Conclusions
Nutrition and Cancer
Genetic predispositions (colon, breast, prostate)
 30 cancer susceptibility genes identified
 Diet ~ likely to account ≥30-40% all cancers

– ONLY 1-5% cancers explained via inherited genes?

Little control over genetic risks,
– Much control over environmental/physical/diet
 e.g. smoking, physical activity, nutrient intake
– Some foods/ additives contribute to CANCER:
 Nuts, peanut butter (aflatoxin)
 Nitrosamines (smoked meats)
SEE Website
“Frontiers in Nutrigenomics & Cancer Prevention”
John Milner, Director NCI Nutritional Sciences
(aflatoxin
Confirming your Knowledge

What % of cancers in the US are due to tobacco use?
33%

What % of Cancers of the Mouth, pharynx and larynx
are associated with excess alcohol use?
50%
What is the main “diet” cancer risk factor?
Excess caloric intake > RDA/ BMI  obesity
What is the recommended % Calories from Fat suggested by the N.C.I.?
to reduce cancer risk?
-30% Calories from Fat/ day (if no genetic risk)
What about if you are at risk genetically for cancer?
suggested reduce calories to 20% from Fat/ day
Nutrition and Cancer
Nutrition and Cancer
Challenge Question

Antioxidants: potent anti-cancer compounds
Vitamins C (citrus fruits, brocolli)
– What are good vitamin examples that combat
the formation of free radicals  cancer?
 What are some good sources of each
Vitamin E (nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, olive etc>.)
Di Indole Methane
lycopene
AVOID- Charred
Warning Signs of Cancer
Change in bowel or bladder habits
 Sore that won’t heal
 Unusual bleeding/ discharge
 Thickening lump in breast or elsewhere
 Ingestion/difficulty swallowing
 Obvious change in Wart or mole. .
 Nagging cough or hoarseness
 Unexplained weight loss. .

Medical testing for Cancer

Colonoscopy exams (middle age/older)

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)

Papanicolaou tests (Pap smears)

Regular breast exams (Momograms >40 years)

Biopsy or Blood work if suspect something abnormal!
- Don’t delay!!!

– Early Detection is Critical for successful treatment. . .
OUTLINE
Nutrition & Aging
Alternative Medicine
Alcohol
Nutrition & Cancer
Summary and Conclusions
The Bottom Line – Reducing Cancer Risk






Diet Moderate Calories, Low Fat Content
Many Veggies, fruits, Whole Grains,
Low fat dairy, cereals, breads, fish
Alcohol moderation: 1/day Women, 2/day men
Di Indole Methane
Limit animal fat, salt, smoked, nitrate cured meat
Avoid exposure to environmental toxins
– Pesticides, mutagens etc. (go organic)

If left untreated can spread (metastisis)
– EARLY Detection is Critical!!! for successful treatment
 Get Simple blood tests or Biopsy –DON”T DELAY
Benefits of Good Nutrition
& longevity
 Delays
onset of diseases
 Improves current condition
 Decreases length of hospital stay
 Improves quality of life
 Be
Salubrious - Live Long and Prosper
Search Engines - Biomedical Research

Questions about Diet, Nutrition and Supplements???

Do a Literature Search (Google - Scholar)
– See website: Nutrition questions? e.g.
 Hydroxycut and liver toxicity?
 Creatine and Kidney failure?
 Caffeine and Pregnancy risk?
 Others?
Chem 80A Conclusions
Caloric diet: 60%, 20%, 20%: Carbs, Protein, Fat
-Carbs = OK, minimize REFINED (cheap Carbos)
-Look for 2:1 ratio of Protein/fat in products
Fruits & vegetables daily
1 of each / day
Fiber Daily (e.g. 1/2 cup Total cereal)
Exercise 3X/ week:
-Speeds up metabolism, balances mood, helps u rest
EAT FRESH (Shop weekly) ~1hr
Experiment with food ~ Try something different
Have Fun with your Nutrition!
HAVE FUN in YOUR Life -
ENJOY the ~ SUMMER
END
Course Instructor/ TA evaluations
need student volunteer

TA Qs
– 1. Was the grading for the class assignments fair?
– 2. Were the assignments turned back in a reasonable
amount of time?
– 3. Where your exams graded fairly and turned back in a
reasonable amount of time?
– 4. Were the exam questions fair and did they allow you to
demonstrate your knowledge from subject matter covered in
this course?