Transcript Foreign and Defense Policymaking

Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry
Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy
Fourteenth Edition
Chapter 20
National
Security
Policymaking
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ANCIENT GREEK / ROMANS
& DE TOCQUEVILLE THOUGHT
DEMOCRACIES WOULD FAIL
AT FOREIGN POLICY
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WHO CONTROLS
AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY?
THE CONSTITUTION
PRESIDENT & CONGRESS
SHARE FOREIGN POLICY POWERS
THE REALITY…
THE PRESIDENT DOMINATES
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THE PRESIDENT
COMMANDER – IN CHIEF
CONGRESS
POWER TO DECLARE WAR
LAST TIME WE DECLARED WAR ??
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KOREA – A U.N. POLICE ACTION
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VIETNAM
NOT A WARA “Conflict”?
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PERSIAN GULF I - NOT A WAR
AFGHANISTAN – NOT A WAR
IRAQ – NOT A WAR
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Instruments of Foreign Policy
Three types of tools: (UNILATERAL)
1=Military: oldest and still used
“Limited” wars
2=Economic: becoming more powerful
Trade regulations, tariffs, and monetary policies
3=Diplomatic: the quietest of the tools
Negotiations and summits
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Instruments, Actors, & Policymakers
World Stage (MULTILATERAL)
– Other Nations
– International Organizations
• United Nations (UN):
– Regional Organizations
• NATO and EU
– Multinational Corporations
– Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs)
• Greenpeace or Amnesty International
– Individuals
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Instruments, Actors, and
Policymakers
The Policymakers
– The President
– The Diplomats
• Secretary of State
– The National Security Establishment
• Secretary of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, NSC,
CIA—formed after WWII to advise the president
and gather intelligence
– Congress
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Executive Branch Policy Making
 President is most powerful foreign policy actor.
 Aided by a variety of bureaucratic agencies.
 Departments of State, Defense, and Homeland
Security.
 Joint Chiefs of Staff.
 National Security Agency and Council.
 Central Intelligence Agency.
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Congressional Policy Making
 Develop and implement policy.
 Conduct oversight investigations.
 Ratify treaties.
 Approve appointments.
 Make appropriations.
 Use powers under War Powers Act.
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THE WAR POWERS ACT
TROOPS ON FOREIGN SOIL
PRES MUST TELL CONGRESS
PRES MUST GET CONGRESSIONAL OK
OR WITHDRAW IN 60 DAYS
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Other Actors
 Military-industrial complex.
 News media, which acts as a filter.
 Public opinion, interest, and action.
 Nongovernmental organizations.
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Theories of Foreign Policy
 Isolationism, or avoiding foreign entanglement.
 Unilateralism, or acting without consulting others.
 Moralism, or placing an emphasis on morality.
 Pragmatism, or taking advantage of situations for gain.
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Unilateralism and Multilateralism
 Unilateralists think U.S. should always protect itself.
 This may mean defying the U.N. or other organizations.
 Multilateralists say U.S. cannot always make the rules.
 Should try to build international consensus for action.
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American Foreign Policy: An Overview
Isolationism:
– Foreign policy where the U.S. tries to stay
out of other nation’s conflicts, particularly
in Europe
Monroe Doctrine:
– U.S. official statement of isolationism
World War I (1914-1918):
– Basically ended the policy of isolationism
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American Foreign Policy: An Overview
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American Foreign Policy: An Overview
The Cold War
– Containment Abroad and Anti-Communism at Home
• Containment doctrine: foreign policy strategy that called for the
United States to isolate the Soviet Union, contain its advances,
and resist its encroachments by peace or force
• McCarthyism: the fear, prevalent in the 1950s, that
international communism was conspiratorial, insidious, bent on
world domination, and infiltrating American government and
cultural institutions—named after Senator Joseph McCarthy
– The Swelling of the Pentagon
• Arms race: competition between U.S. and U.S.S.R. that led to
increased procurement of military weapons
– The Korean War
– The Vietnam War
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Figure 19.1- Cold War Alliances

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American Foreign Policy:An Overview
The Era of Détente
– Détente: a slow transformation from
conflict to cooperation designed to relax
tensions between the superpowers
• Originally applied to the Soviet Union, and then
to China
– Strategic Arms Limitations Talks: effort
to limit the growth of nuclear arms; a
product of détente
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American Foreign Policy:An Overview
The Reagan Rearmament
– Defense budget had been declining since the
mid-1950’s (with exception of Vietnam War)
– Reagan added some $32 billion to the
defense budget in his first term in office to
oppose the Soviet buildup.
– Strategic Defense Initiative: using
computers and other equipment to defend
against Soviet missiles from space—“Star
Wars”
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American Foreign Policy:
An Overview
The Final Thaw in the Cold War
– George H.W. Bush proposed to move beyond
containment to integrate the Soviet Union
into the community of nations.
– Leadership of the Soviet Union supported
the ending of communism and split into
separate nations.
– East and West Germany united.
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Searching for a New World Order
 Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990.
 Operation Desert Storm under Powell Doctrine.
 Generally considered a success.
 Clinton faced with issue of engagement or
enlargement.
 Adoption of North American Free Trade Agreement.
 Creation of World Trade Organization.
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The War on Terrorism
War on Terrorism
– Highest priority of George W. Bush
administration after 9/11
Bush supported preemptive strikes
against terrorists and hostile states.
– “Axis of evil”
International relations has entered
an era of improvisation.
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The War on Terrorism
Afghanistan and Iraq
– Attack against Afghanistan
• Taliban regime harbored Osama bin Laden
and al-Qaeda network
– War in Iraq
• Postwar planning was poor.
• Public support has declined.
– Terrorism beyond Afghanistan and Iraq will
be difficult to combat.
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WAR ON TERROR
2003-2010
WAR ON TERRO
2001-2011
PIRATES
2007-2011
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Twenty-First Century Challenges
 Promoting democracy in the Middle East.
 Resolving the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
 Identifying transnational threats to peace.
 Awareness of technological warfare.
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The Politics of Defense Policy
Defense Spending
– Currently takes up about 1/5 of the federal budget
– Conservatives argue against budget cuts that
would leave the military unprepared.
– Liberals argue for budget cuts to provide more
money for programs here in the U.S.
– Military spending is hard to cut since it means a
loss of jobs in congressional districts.
– Trend in reductions reversed after 911
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The Politics of Defense Policy
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U.S. Defense Spending

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Back
The military expenditure of the
Department of Defense for 2004 was:
Operations & maint.
$437.111 Billion
$175.081 Bil.
Military Personnel
$113.576 Bil.
Procurement
$76.217 Bil.
Research & Development $60.756 Bil.
Military Construction
$6.310 Bil.
46 % of the global total on military spending
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The Politics of Defense Policy
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Most Important Problem

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The International Economy
Interdependency: mutual dependency in which
the actions of nations reverberate and affect
one another’s economic lifelines
International Trade
Tariffs: a tax on imported goods to raise the price, thereby
protecting American businesses and workers
NAFTA and GATT are ways to lower tariffs and increase
trade.
Congress approved the Central American-Dominican
Republic Free Trade agreement in 2005.
Balance of Trade
Ratio of what is paid for imports to what is earned for
exports
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The New Global Agenda
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The International Economy
Energy
• America depends on imported oil, about 60 percent, but
not as much as other countries like Japan.
• Much of the recoverable oil is in the Middle East which
is often the site of military and economic conflicts.
• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC): controls the price of oil and amount its
members produce and sell to other nations
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The International Economy
Foreign Aid
Foreign aid is used to stabilize nations
friendly to the United States.
A substantial percentage of foreign aid is
military.
Foreign aid has never been very popular with
Americans and is typically cut by Congress.
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FOREIGN AID
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2004-6 GOV’T TSUNAMI AID GIVEN
Country
GDP In Billions
Aid (total) in
Millions
% of GDP
1 Australia
518.4
1,322
0.255
2 Liechtenstein
0.825
1.2
0.145
3 Qatar
17.47
25
0.14
4 Norway
221.6
265.1
0.119
512
509.1
0.0994
6 Canada
834.4
743.68
0.089
7 Republic of Ireland
148.6
117.94
0.079
8 Sweden
300.8
230.9
0.077
9 Finland
162
89.5
0.055
10 Hong Kong
158.6
85.89
0.054
11 Saudi Arabia
188.5
97.5
0.052
12 Switzerland
309.5
157.9
0.051
13 Denmark
212.4
100.9
0.0475
14 Germany
2400
1,071
0.0446
15 United Kingdom
1795
795.2
0.0443
5 Netherlands
16 Taiwan
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293.2 [84]
110
0.038
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Understanding National Security
Policymaking
National Security Policymaking and
Democracy
– Americans are more interested in domestic than
foreign policy.
– The opinions of the people are rarely ignored.
– Separation of powers are important.
– Pluralism is pervasive in foreign policymaking.
National Security Policy and the Scope
of Government
– Scope of government is large
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Summary
The United States has maintained a
sizeable defense capability, from the
Cold War to the War on Terrorism.
Nuclear proliferation, terrorism,
and international economy dictate
U.S. foreign policy and
international involvement.
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The Politics of Defense Policy
Personnel
– 1.4 million active and reserve troops
– More reliance on National Guard and reserve
troops due to cuts in defense spending
Weapons
– Reliance on nuclear triad (ICBMs, SLBMs, and
strategic bombers) is expensive—$5.5 trillion
– Treaties (START) signed to reduce nuclear
missiles
– High-tech non-nuclear weapons becoming more
prevalent
Reforming Defense Policy
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The New Global Agenda
The Changing Role of Military Power
– Military might is no longer the primary instrument
in foreign policy.
– Losing its utility to resolve many international
issues
– Economic Sanctions
• Nonmilitary penalties imposed on foreign countries as
an attempt to modify their behavior
• Generally the first resort in a crisis
• Can be effective, but critics argue they only hurt U.S.
businesses and provoke a nationalist backlash
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The New Global Agenda
Nuclear Proliferation
– Only a few countries have known nuclear
weapon capabilities.
– Fear that other “rogue” countries will have
nuclear weapons capabilities and use them
against their neighbors or the U.S.
– The U.S. will focus on discouraging the
deployment of developed nuclear weapons.
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The New Global Agenda
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