The Roaring 20s and the Great Depression
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Transcript The Roaring 20s and the Great Depression
Ing. Tomáš Dudáš, PhD.
1933 – situation report
Every bank in the nation had closed its doors and no
one could cash a check or get at their savings
The unemployment rate was 25% and higher in major
industrial and mining centers
Farm prices had fallen by 50%
Thousands of mortgages closed down
The New Deal
Franklin Delano Roosevelt - 1933
Two main goals – help the troubled economy and
introduce major reforms into capitalism
3 Rs
giving Relief to the unemployed and badly hurt farmers
Reform of business and financial practices
promoting Recovery of the economy during the Great
Depression
"First New Deal“ – 1933/34
Banking acts
On March 6, 1933, two days after becoming president, Roosevelt declared a
five-day national bank holiday to close banks temporarily.
On March 9, Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act,
drafted in large part by Hoover's Administration; the act was passed and
signed into law the same day.
It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury
supervision, with federal loans available if needed. Three-quarters of the
banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days.
Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them
within a month, thus stabilizing the banking system
Congress created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which
insured deposits for up to $5,000
The government suspended the gold standard for United States currency
"First New Deal“ – 1933/34
Economy Act
Improving the budget balance
NIRA – National Industrial Recovery Act
"Code of Fair Competition„
NLRA - National Labor Relations Act
Farm and rural programs
The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) – 500 million
USD
The Civil Works Administration (CWA)
The Public Works Administration (PWA)
The Agricultural Adjustment Act: stabilized prices on farm produce
through paying farmers to reduce their acreage under cultivation
Repeal of Prohibition
The Civil Works Administration (CWA)
• Built 800,000 km of roads.
• Built 40,000 schools
• Built 500 airports & rebuilt 500 more
• Built 150,000 public toilets
• Paid people to sweep up leaves in the parks.
• Paid unemployed actors to give free shows.
• Hired 100 people to scare pigeons away with balloons
from public buildings in Washington DC.
The Public Works Administration (PWA)
• Built 70% of USA Schools.
• Built 35% of USA Hospitals.
• Built for river dams.
• Electrified the New York Washington railway.
• Built 50 military airports.
• Built two aircraft carriers.
• Built four cruisers & destroyers for the US Navy.
Social security - 1935
Anglo-American society – minimal security net
Local level and not very generous
The Social Security Act provided:
An income for the aged
A scheme for unemployment compensation
Relief aids to the aged, blind and dependent children
USA was the last major industrial nation to adopt
some form of comprehensive social insurance
New Deal - conclusion
Federal government directly provided services to the
American people -- “welfare state”
Vast centralization of national power
Increase in power of the presidency
Creation of a mixed economy – market economy with
government interventions
Did the new deal stop the depression?
“Prosperity” of Wartime
The American GDP doubled between 1941 and 1945
World War II produced demand for American products as early
as 1940
It became clear that the US must supply war goods for Great
Britain
Lend-Lease Act – 1941
By august 1945 the US was supplying war materials in value around
50 billion USD to its partners under this act
Lend-Lease deliveries were greater than the sum of all federal
expenditures between 1933 to 1939
Financing the War
Increased taxes
Debt financing
Rising government deficits (-29,1 billion USD in 1945)
Rising public debt (271 billion in 1945)
The US government was selling bonds to the public
(157 billion USD) and to the Federal Reserve
Increase of the money-supply
Change to command economy
New “war powers” to the president
1940 – National Defense Advisory Commission
1940 – National Defense Research Council
1942 – War Production Board and Office of Price
Administration
1943 – Office of War Mobilization
Huge power of FDR
In 1942 he sent 115 000 persons with Japanese ancestry
into internment camps by an executive order
Labor and materials
The armed forces had 12 million soldiers by 1945
250 billion USD has been spent on these soldiers
between 1941 and 1945
The civilian nonagriculture labor force expanded by 30
%
Unemployment vanished (1,2 % in 1944)
New people in the labor force – women, teenagers,
disabled, aged people