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China
Jaya, Cassidy and Greg
Influences on Policy Making
• National People’s Congress
–Highest Legislative Body
• Governmental Research Institutions
–Examples: Chinese Academy of Social
Sciences
• Chinese Communist Party
–Outsized role in policy making
Supranational Organizations
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
– Create financial stability
– Overwatch international trade
– Create high employment and economic growth
– Reduce poverty
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United Nations (UN)
– Maintain international peace and friendly relations
– promote social progress
– create better living standards and human rights
Supranational Organizations
cont.
• World Trade Organization(WTO)
– Regulation of trade
– Provides framework for creating trade agreements
– Have to follow WTO agreements
– General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
– Part of WTO
– Trade agreements aimed at abolishing quotas and
reducing tariffs
• World Bank
• Provides loans to developing countries
• Aims to create capital programs
• Goal is reduction of poverty
• Has determined that China is developing
Economic Performance
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Rapid Economic Growth Overall, Slowing Quickly…. Why?
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Cut Energy Use
Liberalize Banking Systems
Reduce Coal and Steel Production
To Stabilize Growth, Restructure Economy
Second Largest Economy, Second Largest GDP
Low Unemployment Rate (4.1)
Inflation Rate (0.8)
Very Low GDP Per Capita
New Economic Goals
• Create 10M urban jobs
• Move from exports to service
Social Welfare
Education
Health
Poverty
Literacy Rate- 95.1%
Life Expectancy-75
Poverty Defined as <1.25
Importance on Testing
Infant Mortality Rate
11/1000
More than 82 M live
below Poverty Line
Creativity Discouraged
Health Expenditure Per
Capita- $322
High Income Inequality
(0.55 Gini Coefficient)
Stressed Culturally
Smoking
Huge Gap Between Rich
and Poor
Low Access in Countryside Low Quality in
Countryside
Questionable Statistics
because it’s China
Civil Liberties, Rights, Freedoms
Freedom House Ratings
Problems/Issues
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Low Transparency
Detained over 55 activists for
freedom of expression
Strict Monitoring of Social Media,
Online Expression
Commits many resources to
intelligence agencies, security,
societal surveillance
Advocates of Democratic reform
are punished with prison time
US, EU, other NGO’s called for the
reform
Environment
Water Pollution
50% of rivers unsuitable for
human contact, 90% of
underground water
contaminated, 300 M in rural
areas rely on unsafe water
Biodiversity Loss
Air Pollution
Manufacturing Industries, 47%
of World’s Coal, 5+ Cars,
Created “Cancer Villages”,
Creating danger for economy,
World’s Biggest Producer of
Carbon Dioxide
Ill planned engineering
projects lead to destroyed
ecosystems, large areas of
forest removed for industrial
purposes, air and water
pollution contribute to this
Population and Migration
Population: 1,368,300,000 People
20% of the World’s Population
Largest internal migration movement( 230 Million from
Rural to Urban)
35 Million Chinese Living Outside of China
Han people migrate to minority regions to become majority
103 million Chinese people migrated from urban to rural
areas from 1990-2005
Terrorism
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Since September 11, 2001; PRC has strengthened its involvement with
counter terrorism
Chinese government has been accused of applying charges of terrorism
inconsistently
Occurrence of terrorism in China is prominent because of *
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Uyghurs- largest Turkic ethnic group in Xinjiang & radically Muslim
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restrictions on practice of religion
lack of citizen political expression
Uyghurs is the PRC’s main source of inner terrorism
Source of issue: January 2007 Chinese raid on training camp in Xinjiang *
Religious repression has brought conflict across the PRC along with hate and
deadly protests
Root cause: Complex mix of history, ethnicity, and religion fueled by poverty,
unemployment, and political grievances
1959 Tibet Rebellion
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Chinese authorities imposed radical social reforms and further restrictions to
religious freedom
Corruption
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Ranked 100 out of 175 most corrupt country
(Transparency International's Corruption
Perceptions Index)
Corruption in the PRC is one of the main delays
towards social and economic development
Though expressions of grievances of governmental
policies are prohibited in China, civil disobedience
is a popular aspect of political participation
Corruption has grown in its character in the
business world*
– Bribery, theft, and misspending of public
funds make up 3% of China’s GDP
China A vs. China B
Graft*
Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign*
Major Events since 1990
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1992: South Korea recognized People’s Republic of China as legitimate state
instead of the Republic of China
1996: China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan meet in Shanghai
and agree to cooperate to combat ethnic and religious tensions in each others'
countries
1996: First direct vote held for President of PRC
1997: Deng Xiaoping(Chinese Statesman) dies at age 92
1999: Falun Gong outlawed as a threat to the country’s stability
2001: China carries out military commands to invade Taiwan
2001: China joins WTO
2004: Taipei 101(tallest building in the world) was completed
2006: Shih anti-corruption campaign
2008: China and Taiwan set up offices in each others’ countries
2010: China takes the lead for world’s biggest exporting country
Comparison to Russia
Similarities
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Both were/are communist
Based off communist ideals
Large in area size
Many natural resources- coal,
etc.
Relatively new world powers
late 20th century
Emphasis on nationalism
One major party in both
countries- United Russia and
Communist Party
Lack of Transparency
Corruption rates high in both
nations
Legislative branches are weak
in power
Differences
● Communism vs Soft
Authoritarianism
● One appears to be democratic,
while the other has
characteristics of democracy
● Population Difference
● Environmental Concerns
larger in China
● China has greater economic
emphasis
● Russia- asymmetric
federalism vs China
democratic centralism
Comparison to North Korea
Similarities:
● Both Communist states
● Premier and Vice Premier
are head of government
● Developing countries
● Unicameral legislative
branch
● No political opposition
groups
Differences:
● China has higher GDP growth
rate and higher GDP per
capita
● China has a way stronger
labor force
● China's economy growing
more rapidly than North
Korea’s
● China’s industry growth rate
is a lot higher
Future PolicyTrends
• China may slowly work towards a more
democratic government
– Membership in UN
– International influence
• Policies towards better living standards
– Family planning policies
– China B needs improvement for economy
• Policies on pollution
Political Cartoons!!!
P
Works Cited
Works Cited
"China: An Emerging Destination for Economic Migration." Migrationpolicy.org. N.p., 31 May 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2015.
"China Energy, Pollution, Environment Facts & Statistics." China Mike RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2015.
"China." Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2015.
"Environmental Problems in China." WWF -. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2015.
Head, Tom. "History of Human Rights in the People's Republic of China." N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2015.
Lallanilla, By Marc. "China's Top 6 Environmental Concerns." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 15 Mar. 2013. Web. 07 Mar.
2015.
N.p., n.d. Web.
"You Won’t Believe How Bad Pollution In China Has Become." All That Is Interesting. N.p., 27 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Mar. 2015.