Transcript Document

The Millennium Science
Initiative
Promoting Science and Technology
Capacity for Development
Michael Crawford
May 14, 2004
Structure of Presentation
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Science in Economic Development
The Knowledge and Technology Divide
Previous World Bank Experience with Support to
Science and Technology
The Goals and Characteristics of the Millennium
Science Initiative
The Achievements of the MSI in Chile
Uganda: The MSI in an IDA Context
Working with Partners for S&T Capacity Building
Differences in Physical and Human
Capital do not Explain all of Growth...
14
Thousands of constant
1995 US dollars
Rep. of Korea
12
S&T
Capacity
part of the
residual
10
8
6
Difference
due to
physical
and human
capital
4
2
Ghana
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Global Agricultural Yields
Increase Due to Science Power
Wheat Yields in Argentina and India 1885-1995
19
85
19
65
19
45
19
25
19
05
18
85
Average
annual
yields in
1,000
Kilogram/
Hectare
Global Distribution of Population & GDP
2001 (Population)
2001(GDP)
High income
16%
Low income
41%
Upper
middle
income
8%
Lower middle
income
9%
Upper middle
income
7%
Lower
middle
income
35%
Source: World Bank SIMA database.
Low income
3%
High income
81%
Global Distribution of Telephone Mainlines
1975
2000
Lower middle
Low income
Low income
income
3%
6%
7%
Upper middle
Lower middle
income
income
5%
26%
High income
85%
Upper middle
income
10%
Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.
High income
58%
Global Distribution of Mobile Phones
1993
Low er middle
income
4.1%
Upper middle
income
4.5%
2000
Low income
0.3%
Low er middle
income
19%
Upper middle
income
11%
High income
91.1%
Low income
2%
High income
68%
Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.
Global Distribution of Personal Computers
2000
1993
Low er middle
income
4%
Low income
2%
Low er middle
income
10%
Low income
3%
Upper middle
income
6%
Upper middle
income
4%
High income
90%
Source: Calculated based on World Bank SIMA database.
High income
81%
Internet Hosts (per 10,000 people, 2000)
Higher Education Enrollment Ratio (1997)
Global Distribution of R&D expenditures (1997)
Lower middle
income
Low income
2.4%
Upper middle
0.8%
income
4.1%
High income
92.7%
Source: calculated based on data from the World Bank SIMA
database 2002
Scientific & Technological Journal Articles (x1000)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1981
1997
High income
Upper middle
income
Low er middle
income
Source: World Bank SIMA database.
Low income
Royalty and license fees, payments & receipts
(BoP, current US$, Millions)
80000
70862
70000
62311
60000
payments 1975
50000
payments 2001
40000
receipts 1975
30000
receipts 2001
20000
10000
3484
5861
0
High income
1997
231 134
253
Upper middle
income
1502
148
19
125
Lower middle
income
183
2
0.05
5
Low income
Source: World Bank SIMA database.
Agriculture Accounts for More than
Half of World Bank S&T Lending
$4.8 Billion in 447 projects or components for S&T in
Agriculture, 1980-99
$3.0
Agricultural Lending
$4.8
Non-agricultural
Lending for S&T
Outside of Agriculture, Most S&T
Lending Has Gone to East Asia and
LAC
Lending Volume by Region, 1992-1998
ECA
1%
MENA
4%
SA
0%
LAC
31%
EA
60%
AFR
4%
1997: The Idea for the MSI
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Develop S&T Capacity through support of internationallevel quality research;
Increase Ph.D, Master’s, Post-doc training opportunities;
Create alternatives to brain drain, incentives for brain gain
Involve researchers in “social marketing” of science in
secondary schools;
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Consolidate transparent, peer reviewed resource allocation
for research funding;;
Valorize research relevance;
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Create linkages to the private sector;
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Competitive Grants:
A Basic Feature of the MSI
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Fluctuation and Fragmentation of Research Resources a
Perennial Problem in Middle Income Countries;
The MSI in Chile Funded 3 “Institutes” at US$ 1 million
per year for 5 years;
10 MSI “Nuclei” were funded at US$ 300,000 per year for
3 years. Nuclei grants are renewable.
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Grant Selection Committee composed of top rank Chilean
and International scientists;
Initial project in Chile sparked regional interest in the MSI
LAC Region is an Early Adopter
1998: Chile MSI Project Approved (2.5
year, $15m project/$5 million loan)
 1999: Venezuela MSI Project Approved
(2.5 year, $15m project/$5 million loan)
 2000 Mexico adds MSI Component to an
Existing S&T Infrastructure Loan;
 2000 Brazil provides grants for 17 MSI
Institutes with WB Support
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Chile: Achievements of the MSI
MSI Closed in 2002:
 Given highest ICR ratings in all categories:
 Government increased attention to S&T and
Innovation Policy as a result of the Project;
 A larger, follow on program for Support to
S&T Capacity approved;
 S&T Institutions strengthened, international
linkages improved
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Chile MSI: Impact on the S&T
System
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Prior to the MSI, Chile produced 50 Ph.Ds per year
domestically;
New advanced training opportunities: 28 Ph.D positions, 5
post-docs, and 6 new M.Sc.; 6 foreign graduate students
supported;
Research productivity increased (publications and patents);
International collaborations up by 50%;
Monitoring, evaluation, and accountability increased;
Higher confidence in transparent, merit-based selection
processes reported
Uganda: The MSI in an IDA
Context
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IDA Country with annual GDP per capita of US
$300;
5% have access to electricity;
Agriculture is 40% of GDP, employs over 70% of
the labor force;
Poor health and disease are the top reported cause
of poverty;
Uganda: Progress in Key Related
Areas
A decade of macro-economic stability
 HIV incidence down to 6% from high of
15%
 Overall policy coherence high
 Commitment to reform of higher education
over the past three years
 Decentralization creating need for technical
skills for service delivery outside central
government
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The MSI Process in Uganda:
Focus on Sector-wide Coherence
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Pre-university science education
Promotion of research in new universities, outside
of the capital
Coherence with health, agriculture, environment
policies
Building on the gains at Makerere
Not only research focused: engineering and
strengthening undergraduate departments key
NETF providing critical support for a participatory
diagnosis of the state of the sector
Expanding the MSI
In Africa: Cameroon, Tanzania talks
 South Asia: Bangladesh
 Eastern Europe/Central Asia: Kazakhstan,
Russia, and Latvia
 Joining forces with capacity building efforts
from the Inter-Academy Council
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Thank You
Additional information available in
The Millennium Science Initiative
Status Report