Transcript PowerPoint

Sustainable development on a
National Level – the Finnish
Approach
Lea Kauppi, Finnish Environment Institute
(SYKE)
Several people have
contributed to this presentation
 My special thanks to the secretariat
of the Finnish National Commission
on Sustainable Development as well
as to Aino Inkinen, Matti Melanen,
Per Mickwitz and Jyri Seppälä from
SYKE
Contents of the presentation
 Strategic framework
 Institutional framework
 Assessment framework
 ECOREG – assessing regional
sustainability
 ENVIMAT - an extended input-output
model as a sustainability assessment tool
Finnish model of
Sustainable Development
 Continuity on the political agenda (since 1987)
 Continuous vertical and horizontal coordination –
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National SD commission as the main facilitator
since 1993
Leadership on a high political level (Government)
Broad-based political dialogue between the
government and the stakeholders
Policy coherence
Transparency and stakeholder cooperation
during the whole life-span of SD strategy
processes
Towards Sustainability Governance
Long history of strategies and
programmes for sustainable
development in Finland
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1990: Sustainable development in Finland
1995: Finnish Action for Sustainable Development
1998: Finnish Government Programme for Sustainable
Development
2000: Signs of Sustainability: Finland’s indicators for SD
2003: Evaluation of sustainable development in Finland
2006: National Strategy for Sustainable Development:
Towards Sustainable Choices – A nationally and globally
sustainable Finland
Dec. 2009: Evaluation report: State of Sustainable
Development in Finland
National SD Strategy 2006 (NSDS)
Strategy framework
 Vision: to assure well-being within the limits of the
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carrying capacity of nature nationally and globally
Objective: to create sustainable well-being in a safe
and pluralistic society that promotes participation,
and in which all people bear responsibility for the
environment
Starting point: the key guidelines of the Strategy help
form foundation for drafting Government and policy
programmes and help various actors select solutions
that observe the principles of sustainable
development.
Timeline for the targets is beyond the current
generation, extending until about 2030
Key challenges:
Globally:
 climate change
 global poverty and inequality
 population growth
Nationally:
 climate change
 adaptation to rapid global economic
changes
 demographic changes
Main themes of the NSDS
 Sustainable communities in a
sustainable regional structure
 Balance between the use and protection
of natural resources
 Well-being throughout the life-span
 The economy as a safeguard for
sustainable development
 Finland as a responsible global actor
 Supporting sustainable choices
Finnish National Commission
on SD (FNCSD)
 Government re-appointed the National
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Commission on SD in February 2008
Main objective: promote the inclusion of the
strategic goals of SD in national policies and
administrative practices
Main task: promote, evaluate and monitor the
implementation of the National Strategy for SD;
and ensure that all societal actors advance the
proposals set out in the strategy
Work Programme and Communication Plan for
2008-2012 adopted in June 2008
Composition of the FNCSD
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Chair: Minister of Labour
and Industry
Vice-chair: Minister of the
Environment
43 members and deputies
meetings 4-5 times a year
+ seminars 1-2 times a
year
Subcommittee on locally
and regionally sustainable
development, term 20072012
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4 Sector Ministers
Ministries and gov’t
agencies
The Parliament
Local government
Academic sector
Business and Industry
Interest groups
Non-governmental
organisations
The indigenous Sámipeople
Two churches
Culture and Arts
Organization of the work within
the FNCSD
 Inter-Ministerial Network Secretariat (sectoral SD
contact points)
• prepares the meetings and the work
programme of the Commission
• appr. 20 active civil servants from various
ministries
 Operational Secretariat General within the MoE
• 4 civil servants
• development, preparation, coordination and
management of the Finnish SD policy and the
meetings of the FNCSD and its Secretariat
Sustainable development policy cycle
 Identification of key challenges and strategic goals
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• NSDS 2006
Government commitment to implement the goals
• Decision-in-Principle 2006
• Government Programme 2007
Implementation of the Strategy goals (ongoing)
Follow-up of the implementation by SD indicators
• Indicator report in 2007
• ongoing updating of data
Evaluation of progress and assessment of impacts
• first progress report by sector Ministries in 2007
• Evaluation process in 2009 concluding with an
overall report
Facilitation of the implementation and
evaluation of the strategy by the
FNCSD
A.Political level
• Support to the sector ministries
to mainstream SD into their
sector policies & programmes
• Permanent Secretary engagement
B.Operational level
• Support to the sector ministries to draw up
their own SD action plans with practical measures
C.Methodological level
• Methodological development and process design
helping the sectors to assess the impacts of NSDS
Assessment Framework
 Progress reporting by ministries and other
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stakeholders represented in the FNCSD
Regular monitoring using the headline indicators
Self-assessment with the help of CAF annex on
sustainable development
Setting criteria for impact assessment of the
strategy
Developing a toolbox for ministries in order to
observe the SD aspects in policy-planning
Present the state of SD in Finland and key
challenges and trends for the future
EVALUATION REPORT IN DECEMBER 2009
Monitoring Regional Sustainability –
Indicators
Developed and Used in the Finnish
Kymenlaakso Region
ECOREG 2002–2004
www.environment.fi/syke/ecoreg
Kymenlaakso Region, Finland
Myllykoski Paper, Anjalankoski.
Photo: Myllykoski Paper Oy
The working process – based on multistakeholder
involvement and empowerment
Steering group
Project
group
Eco-efficiency
of Kymenlaakso
and its measuring
Ideas
Results
Needs
Prioritising
Work shop participants
The system boundaries of the ECOREG analysis
Simultaneous monitoring of eco-efficiency and
socio-cultural development > Monitoring of sustainability
Eco-efficiency
120
Relative chang e
100
80
60
40
Socio-cultural welfa re
1120
0
0
105
Relative change
199 5
199 6
199 7
100
199 8
199 9
200 0
200 1
Ye ar
95
Economic o utp ut
Environ men tal burd en 1
90
Environ men tal burd en 2
Environ men tal burd en 3
85
80
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Ye ar
Employment
Safety
Pop ulati on chan ge
Culture
The indicators based on economic
and material flow analysis
A ”top-down approach”
(Input-Output Analysis, I-O)
Gross domestic product per total area in Kymenlaakso,
Finland and the EU in 2000, 1000 euro/km2
3000
2500
2000
1500
2642
1000
500
862
385
0
Kymenlaakso
Finland
EU-15
Gross domestic product per capita in Kymenlaakso,
Finland and the EU in 2000, 1000 euro
30
25
20
15
25.6
25.1
10
22.6
5
0
Kymenlaakso
Finland
EU-15
National-economy-wide material flow
balance
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
Kymenlaakso
Finland
EU-15
21.7.2015
Direct material inputs/area
in 2000, kg/m2
Direct material inputs/GDP
in 2000, kg/euro
Kymenlaakso
Finland
EU-15
The indicators based on environmental
analysis
A ”bottom-up approach”
(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)
Boundaries of the environmental analysis
(”cradle-to-gate”)
Upstream
Kymenlaakso region Downstream
Wood
Wood
Chemicals
Chemicals
Heat
Activity sectors
Final
products
Fuels
Electricity
Other
raw materials
Gravel,
crushed rock
Water
Other raw materials
Transports
Raw materials
Impact values calculated for the activity sectors
(the sum of the values equals 10 000)
Climate change
Stratosphericc ozone depletion
3500
Tropospheric ozone formation
Acidification
3000
Eutrophication
Aquatic oxygen depletion
Impact value
2500
Ecotoxicity
2000
Environmental accidents
Contamination of soil and water resources
1500
Deterioration of local air quality
Depletion of non-renewable resources
1000
Odour
Noise
500
Loss of biodiversity
0
Agriculture
Forestry
Communities
Rural and
holiday homes
Industry
Traffic
Degradation of landscapes and
cultural environments
Loss of recreational values
Social and cultural indicators supporting
the measurement of eco-efficiency
POPULATION
CHANGE
SAFETY
EDUCATION
CULTURE
HEALTH
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
EMPLOYMENT
LOCAL
IDENTITY
POPULATION CHANGE
EXCESS OF BIRTHS
NET MIGRATION
0
Persons
Per 1000 persons
6
-200
4
-400
2
-600
0
-800
-2
Finland
Kymenlaakso
-1 000
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
-4
1980
1985
1995
2000
2005
NUMBER OF FOREIGNERS
DEPENDENCY RATIO
Number of non-employed per 100 employed
3 500
200
Not in the workforce
Children (0-15)
1990
Persons
Pensioners (+65)
3 000
160
2 500
120
2 000
80
1 500
1 000
40
500
0
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
0
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Application of the indicators in Kymenlaakso:
the 1st eco-efficiency follow-up report (2000-2004)
T1
Volume growth of value added in Kymenlaakso and in Finland
Volume index of value added/Value added at the prices of 2000, 1996 = 100
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Kym enlaakso
100
103,3
106,4
106,2
111,5
109,2
109,2
112,1
Finland
100
106,2
111,4
115,3
122
123,4
126,1
128,5
Source: Statistics Finland, regional accounts 19 Apr 2005
Application of the indicators in Kymenlaakso:
use in the regional planning
The concept of eco-efficiency has found its way to
Kymenlaakso's Regional Strategic Plan 2005-2015
The following vision is formulated for the future Kymenlaakso:
"An attractive and eco-efficient,
internationally interactive region.”
Eco-efficiency will also have a central role in Kymenlaakso's
Regional Development Programme 2007-2010 which
implements the Strategic Plan. Relevant ECOREG indicators
will be used for monitoring the Programme's success.
The ”ECOREG tools”
• IndicatorsDetermining
for regional
eco-efficiency
coordination
Responsibilities
• Working
responsibilities
Establishing a
processes and methods for constructing
management group
these
indicators
Creating
a cooperation
network
• Mechanism for monitoring
eco-efficiency and social
Data collection
development, i.e. sustainability
Calculation
tool
Conclusions
Actions
Calculation of eco -efficiency
indicators
Assessing progress towards
eco-efficiency
Measures increasing
eco-efficiency
Utilisation possibilities of the data produced
by the ECOREG mechanism
Regional-level planning:
Land use:
-Regional land use plans
Action planning:
-Regional strategies, plans and
programmes
-Sectoral plans:
-Environmental health
programmes
-Planning traffic systems
-Waste management, water supply
and water protection plans
-Fire safety and rescue plans
Municipal level:
-SD action programmes
(Agenda 21 work)
Corporate level:
-Environmental reporting
-Social responsibility reporting
Concluding remarks about ECOREG
The ”ECOREG tools”:
1) The project’s overall concepts, approaches and methods
for developing and applying regional eco-efficiency /
sustainability indicators, are applicable throughout Europe.
2) However, a suitable local process is needed, whereby the
mechanism is adapted to fit the specific local circumstances
and objectives.
In general:
3) Measuring (the progress made in) regional eco-efficiency /
sustainability is possible and meaningful.
4) Indicators based on life cycle thinking can be developed.
Appropriate system boundaries are a major challenge!
An extended input-output model
as a sustainability assessment
tool
 Overview of the extended inputoutput (ENVIMAT) model
 Key SD indicators and ENVIMAT
 Examples of results of ENVIMAT
21.7.2015
ENVIMAT
Overview of the ENVIMAT model
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an environmentally extended input-output
(EEIO) model on the macro-economic level in
Finland
LCA approach to the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of consumption and
production in Finland
provides also information on environmental
impacts of the Finnish economy abroad through
imports and on the role of exports in the
domestic impacts
21.7.2015
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The ENVIMAT model
 consists of 151 industries with their 918 domestic
 describes the interactions of monetary and physical
flows between industries
 includes data on emissions (appr. 80), natural
resources (appr. 25), land use, wastes, energy within
industries
 is able to link information on 772 imported products
 includes data on 2002 and 2005 (at present)
21.7.2015
products
The structure of the ENVIMAT model
Monetary
input-output
tables (MIOT)
Physical
input-output
tables (PIOT)
Indicators
Value added
Employment
DMI, TMR
DMC,TMC
Energy
Analysis
Production
Consumption
Domestic
Import
Export
Environmental
tables
Environmental
impacts
Industries
Product groups
Consumption
commodities
DMI = Direct Material Input, TMR = Total Material Requirement,
DMC = Direct Material Consumption, TMC = Total Material Consumption
21.7.2015
Tables
Current indicators of the ENVIMAT
model
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requirement (TMR), direct material inputs (DMI),
domestic material consumption (DMC), total
material consumption (TMC)
domestic value added and employment
environmental impacts: climate change,
stratospehric ozone depletion, acidification,
eutrophication, tropospheric ozone formation,
ecotoxicity, human toxicity, biodiversity,
depletion of natural resources
• total environmental impacts (=eco-index)
• wastes, land use, ecological footprint
21.7.2015
 material flow account indicators: total material
How well can the key indicators of the Finnish SD
strategy be assessed by the ENVIMAT model ?
1. Balance between the use and protection of natural resources
2. Sustainable communities in a sustainable regional structure
3. Citizens – well-being throughout the entire life cycle
24/10
9/9
5/1
10/0
II. THE ECONOMY AS A SAFEGUARD FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
5/3
III. FINLAND AS A GLOBAL ACTOR AND
BEARER OF RESPONSIBILITY
2/0
IV. SUPPORTING SUSTAINABLE CHOICES
1/0
X/ N = Number of key indicators/ Number that ENVIMAT is capable to
describe
21.7.2015
I . GOOD LIFE IN A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
Assessment of changes in key indicators
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OFFICIAL EVALUATION in 2007:
- ORANGE = PROGRESS MAINLY NEGATIVE
- GREEN = PROGRESS MAINLY POSITIVE
CRITICAL = development has been insufficient regarding
climate change mitigation and/or international
commitments/targets
? = maybe critical or progress has been environmentally
negative
ENV = the ENVIMAT model provides information for the
indicator
21.7.2015
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Challenges of SD in Finland on the basis of key
indicators
I . GOOD LIFE IN A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY
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Greenhouse gas emissions CRITICAL ENV
Total energy consumption CRITICAL ENV
Use of renewable energy sources CRITICAL ENV
Endangered species CRITICAL ENV
Energy and natural resource consumption in relation to
economic growth ? ENV
Environmental loading in relation to economic growth ? ENV
Development of total material requirement CRITICAL ENV
Proportion of household expenditures on services ? ENV
Eutrophicating discharges into Baltic Sea ? ENV
OFFICIAL EVALUATION in 2007:
- ORANGE = PROGRESS MAINLY NEGATIVE
- GREEN = PROGRESS MAINLY POSITIVE
21.7.2015
I.1. Balance between use and protection of natural resources
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Relative change in population in different
regions !
Distance of certain services from homes !
Economic dependency ratio by province !
Service satisfaction of citizens
Development of public and passenger car
transport CRITICAL ENV
! : the first three indicators  increased regional
differences inside Finland
OFFICIAL EVALUATION in 2007:
- ORANGE = PROGRESS MAINLY NEGATIVE
- GREEN = PROGRESS MAINLY POSITIVE
21.7.2015
I.2. Sustainable communities in a sustainable
regional structure
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Life expectancy at birth
Expected retirement age
Occupational diseases and accidents
Population development by age group !
People with low employment potential
Immediate placement of 9th grade students in
further studies
Per capita alcohol consumption and deaths
attributable to alcohol
Employment rate for immigrants and number of
non-Finnish speaking schoolchildren
Participation of 14-year olds in social
organisational work
Voting activity
! : Problems in pension payments in the future
21.7.2015
I.3. Citizens – well-being throughout the entire
life cycle
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GDP per inhabitant ENV
Economic dependency ratio
Public debt in relation to GDP divided into state
and
municipal shares of debt
Number of employed and unemployment rate
ENV
Finland's competitiveness in relation to other
OECD countries assessed in terms of relative
cost of work unit ENV
! : Problems in pension payments in the future
21.7.2015
II. The economy as a safeguard for
sustainable development
III. Finland as a global actor
21.7.2015
 Official Development Aid
 Direct investments from Finland in other countries
IV. Supporting sustainable choices
 Research and development expenditure and
patenting
Total material requirement (TMR) of the
Finnish economy in 2002
Imports for
intermediate use
48%
Imports for final use
5%
Domestic production
Exports
52%
Domestic final use
48%
TMR includes both materials used in the economy
and materials mobilised in extraction processes but left in nature
21.7.2015
Domestic nature
47%
Greenhouse gas emission balance (Gg CO2 eq) of
Finland
Year 2002
Imports
Exports
76,989
57,945
21.7.2015
52,641
Domestic
Finnish consumption and investments =
71,685
Year 2005
Imports
54,622
Domestic
Exports
69,194
Finnish consumption and investments =
53,835
69,981
The sustainability of Finland in
terms of CO2 emissions
 Consumption based results: 13,8 (2002) and
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13,5 (2005) t CO2 eq per inhabitant
Official national GHG inventory (production
based results):
14,8 (2002) and 13,3 (2005) t CO2 eq per
inhabitant
IPCC estimates that sustainability requires 1 2 t CO2 eq per inhabitant in the world
The positive development of CO2 in Finland
from 2002 to 2005 was due to the decrease of
the volume of forest industry in 2005 and the
high share of hydropower in the Nordic
electricity market in winter 2005
Top 20 final products of the Finnish industries in terms of
their CO2 emissions in 2002: amount of imported and
domestic CO2 emissions
Pulp, paper and paperboard 1
Letting and owning of dwelligs 2
Production and distribution services of electricity 3
Basic iron and steel and ferro-alloys 4
Construction work of residential buildings 5
Wholesale and retail trade services 6
Refined petroleum products 8
Television and radio transmitters; telegraphy 9
Domestic
Imports
Dairy products and ice cream 10
Public administration services 11
Meat and meat products 12
Other community, social and personal services 13
Human health and veterinary services 14
Civil engineering work 15
Education services 16
Restaurant services 17
Business services 18
Ships and boats 19
Basic precious metals and other non-ferrous metals 20
0
4000
8000
Gg CO2 eq
12000
16000
21.7.2015
Basic chemicals 7
Contribution of different consumption categories
to the economy, environmental pressures and
employment.
Housing
Food
21.7.2015
Leisure
Holidays
Personal care
Clothing
Economic value
Ecoindex
TMR
Domestic energy
GHG
Domestic employment
Education &
employment
Other
consumption
0
10
20
30
40
The sum of the categories for each indicator = 100.
The current ENVIMAT model
can be used for
 monitoring and assessing how the sustainability
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of the economy is changing
identifying unsustainable patterns of production
and consumption
identifying impacts caused by Finland in global
context
designing new policy instruments (e.g. ecological
taxation) for supporting sustainable choices
Further development of the
ENVIMAT model
 annual reporting (or at least once per three
years)
 more detailed spatial resolution
 new sustainbility indicators ( also socio-cultural)
 identification of unsustainable resource flows
 more dynamic features in order to use the model
for forecasting
 more dynamic features in order to use the model
for forecasting
Note: ENVIMAT produces data for decision
making, but does not decide tradeoffs
between different SD CRITERIA
Thank you for your attention!