Transcript Review for Exam 4

Review 4
Chapters 8, 9, 10
CHAPTER 8
What are the three levels
of management activity?
 Operational
 Tactical
 Strategic
Operational management
level?
 Composed of supervisory managers that
develop short-range plans such as
weekly production schedules.
Tactical management
level?
 Composed of middle managers that
develop short- and medium-range plans
Strategic management
level?
 Composed of a board of directors and an
executive committee of the CEO who
develop overall organizational goals,
strategies, policies as a part of a strategic
planning process.
What is a Structured
decision?
 Repetitive and routine problems for which
standard solution exist.
 The procedures to follow can be
specified in advance.
What is a Semi-structured
decision?
 Some decision procedures can be prespecified, but not enough to lead to a
definite recommended decision.
What is an Unstructured
Decision?
 The procedures cannot be specified in
advance.
 Unstructured problems are novel and
non-routine, complex.
 Ex: new business planning
Decisions made at the
operational management
level tend to be more
 Structured
Decisions made at the
tactical management level
tend to be more
 Semi-structured
Decisions made at the
strategic management level
tend to be more
 Unstructured
What are the management
support systems?
 Management Information systems
 Decision support systems
 Executive information systems
What is an exception
report?
 Exception reports, highlighting only
exceptional conditions, such as when a
customer exceeds their credit limit, a
manager would probably get an
exception report.
What are the characteristics
of the Decision Support
Systems?
 Interactive
 Supports semi-structured and unstructured
decisions
What is a What-if
analysis?
 What-if analysis attempts to check the
impact of a change in the assumptions
on the proposed solution.
 What if we cut advertising by 10 percent?
What is a Sensitivity
Analysis?
 When the value of one variable is
changed repeatedly and the resulting
changes in other variables are observed.
What is a goal-seeking
model?
 Attempts to find the value of the inputs
necessary to achieve a desired level of
outputs.
What is Data
Visualization?
 Data visualization refers to presentation
of data in graphical form instead of
traditional form of text and table.
What is Geographical
Information System (GIS)?
 A GIS is a data visualization technology
that captures, stores, checks, integrates,
manipulates, and displays data using
digitized maps.
What are the characteristics
of Executive Information
Systems (EIS)?
 Provide management with immediate and
easy access to information about the firm’s
critical success factors.
 Are most useful to managers at the
strategic level of management.
 Support unstructured decision-making
process.
What is drill down?
 provides details behind any given
information.
What is Data mining?
 organizing valuable business information
in a large database
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
 AI is the effort to develop computer
based systems that behave as humans.
What are the major areas
of AI?
 Cognitive science
 Robotics
 Natural interfaces
What are the major areas
of Cognitive science?
 intelligent agents,
 neural networks,
 fuzzy logic.
What is an Intelligent
agent?
 It is a software surrogate for end user or
process that fulfills a stated need or
activity.
Systems that use massively
parallel processors whose
architecture is based on the
human brain’s neuron
structure are called
 Artificial Neural Networks
What is a Fuzzy Logic
system?
 system that can process ambiguous data
and quickly provides approximate, but
acceptable solutions to problems.
What are the
characteristics of an
Expert system?
 They are designed to replicate and then
to replace a human advisor.
 They transfer expertise from an expert
and documented sources to a computer
and then to the user.
CHAPTER 9
What are the major
components involved in IT
Planning process?
 Strategy development
 Resource management
 Technology architecture
What are the ways for
minimizing end-user
resistance?
 Proper end user training
 Improved communications with IS
personnel
 End user involvement in the development
and implementation of new systems
What is the major focus of
organizational change
management?
 People
CHAPTER 10
What are the steps in the
SDLC?






systems analysis,
systems design,
programming,
testing,
implementation (conversion),
and production & maintenance.
What is the function of
systems analysis stage?
 ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM TO BE
SOLVED
What is feasibility study?
 Determining whether the proposed
system is feasible financially,
economically, technically, and
operationally.
What is SYSTEMS
DESIGN?
 describes how the system will accomplish the task.
What are the major forms
of CONVERSION?




Parallel
Phased
Direct
Pilot
What is parallel
conversion?
 The conversion process in which both the
old and new system are operated for a
time.
What are the alternative
system-building approaches?




Prototyping
Application software packages
End-user development
Outsourcing
What is Prototyping?
 Using prototype which is a working
version of an information system or part
of the system for discovering how a
system should operate.
What is outsourcing?
 Purchase of product or service from another
company.