Transcript Document

Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
1)Dutch Foreign Policy, a birdseye view
2)The Netherlands and Korea
3)The Netherlands and Globalisation
4)Key Problems facing the Netherlands
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
1)Dutch Foreign Policy, a birdseye view
A. Brief History
B. Constants in Dutch Foreign Policy
C. After World War II
D. Foreign Policy Formulation
E.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
A. Brief History
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80 year war of independence against Spain;
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17th Century Golden Age; Arts and Culture;
Trade and Colonies; Major International Power;
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House of Orange; stability;
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1700 - 1940; Relative decline, but wealthy;
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
A. Brief History
(continue)
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Struggle against the sea; birth of democracy;
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1848: Ministerial Responsibility;
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After 1945: Active Engagement; UN, NATO,
EU, Council of Europe, OSCE etc..
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
B. Constants in Dutch Foreign Policy
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Three main tendencies/traditions:
1) maritime commercialism, 2) neutralist
abstentionism, and 3) internationalist idealism
1) Maritime commercialism;
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14th Century : dominated shipping from Baltics
to Mediterranean
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Open and outward looking
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
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Anti-protectionist economic policy
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Promotion of free trade, even during abstentionist
periods
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Reliance on treaties, rule of law and international
Peace
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Johan de Witt 1650: ”Quiet and Peace
everywhere so commerce can be conducted in
unrestricted way”.
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Hugo Grotius; Law of the Sea
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
2) Neutralist abstentionism;
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Maritime Commercial interests : so stay away
from other nations’ political quarrels
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But also balance-of-power when necessary to
avoid one continental power becoming too strong
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1839 (Secession of Belgium) until 1940 most
distinctly neutralist Period
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
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De facto alliance with UK; important for Dutch
independence on continent
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After WWII : strong US presence in Europe in
our interest
3)Internationalist idealism
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Neutralist abstentionism contributed to
inexperience; certain naivete
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Realism versus idealism; pacifism; mercantile
interests
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
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No territorial ambitions in Europe
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Legalism; Rule of law; Hugo Grotius; to serve
mercantile interests
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Certain Moralism; Legalism and Moralism make
up for lack of power
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Non-Militarism; Mercenary army
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But strong naval tradition
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
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Identification with socio-economic and religious
groups
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Supranationalism; Mundialism
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The Hague Legal Capital of the World
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C. After World War II
C.1 Security Policy; farewell to neutrality
C.2 Economic Integration
C.3 Multilateral versus Bilateral
C.4 Development Cooperation
C.5 Human Rights
C.6 The Hague, legal capital of the World
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.1 Security Policy
- UN
- NATO, Strong US leadership
- WEU / EU
- OSCE
- Peace Missions; Former Yugoslavia,
Ethiopia / Eritrea, Afghanistan, Iraq,
Liberia
- Both Atlanticist and European; no
incompatability
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.2 Economic Integration
- European Community Coal and
Steel/Monnet, Schuman, de Gaulle,
Adenauer; French/German reconciliation
- European Community/Common Market,
1960’s
- European Political Cooperation, 1980’s
- Maastricht Treaty 1991; Three pillars:
Economic, foreign and security policy and
Justice and Home Affairs.
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.2 Economic Integration
(continue)
- Sharing Sovereignty; European Laws
versus National laws
- Monetary Union, Euro
- CFSP and ESDP; EU/NATO cooperation
- The institutions: European Council,
Council, Commission, European
Parliament, European Court of Justice
- So political cooperation grew from economic
cooperation
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.3 Multilateral versus Bilateral
- Netherlands is medium sized power;
- Needs both multilateral and bilateral
diplomacy;
- Bilateral diplomacy can reinforce
multilateral diplomacy
- Rules based internationalism
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.4 Development Cooperation
- Strong engagement since 1960’s; in our
interest
- 0.8% GNP
- Good Governance and respect for
Human Rights; conditions for
development
- Sectoral Approach; away from projects;
ownership
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.4 Development Cooperation
(continue)
- Sustainable Development/Education/AIDS,
Health Care
- Netherlands traditionally very strong in
Agriculture and Water Management
- Peace and Security / Development / Respect
for Human Rights
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.5 Human Rights
- Universality; Mo Zi: 400 BC
- Equality of different human rights;
social/economic and civil/political
- Netherlands signed all relevant Treaties
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.5 Human Rights
(continue)
- Active engagement in all relevant fora
and bilaterally with the aim of
encouraging compliance world wide
- Human Rights Commission Geneva
primary body within UN for ensuring
human rights are respected; HR Council
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.5 Human Rights
(continue)
- Special Focus on: strengthening Rule of
Law, non-discrimination and tolerance,
freedom of expression, freedom of
religion and conscience, protection of
vulnerable groups, campaign against
torture, support for human rights activists,
abolition death penalty
- Emphasis moving from setting standards,
to ensuring compliance and effectiveness
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.6 The Hague, Legal Capital of the World
- Hugo Grotius, “ De iure belli ac pacis”;
“Mare Liberum”
- Netherlands Constitution: Obligation to
promote development of the international
legal order; only country in the world
- The Hague Peace Conferences; Tsar
Nicholas II
- Permanent Court of Arbitration, 1913
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.6 The Hague, Legal Capital of the World (continue)
- International Court of Justice, 1946
- Hague Conference on Private International
Law, 1955
- Iran-US Claims Tribunal, 1980’s
- International Criminal Tribunal former
Yugoslavia, ICTFY 1990’s / Trial of
Milosevic
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
C.6 The Hague, Legal Capital of the World (continue)
- International Criminal Court (ICC), 2002
- The Hague now hosts 32 intergovernmental
organizations
- 4th UN city, after New York, Geneva and
Vienna
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
D.
Foreign Policy Formulation
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Parliament; Coalition governments;
Consensus politics
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NGO’s / The Churches / Civil Society
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Business community
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
E.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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5500 staff of which local staff 2200
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176 missions abroad; large network; 111
embassies; 31 consular missions; PR’s 16
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Budget € 10.0 billion; € 4.0 billion ODA;
0.8% GNP
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3 Ministers
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
E.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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(continue)
Key objectives:
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International order
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Peace, freedom, security, stability
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European Integration
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Sustainable Poverty Reduction
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
E. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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(continue)
Key objectives:
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Bilateral Relations
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Grasp opportunities and confront
challenges
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Active engagement, bilateral and
multilateral
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
E. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs
(continue)
- OR otherwise formulated:
- Strive for stable and orderly
international environment, where human
rights are respected and social justice is
pursued;
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Reassessment Dutch Foreign Policy 1994/1995
3 C’s:
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Coherence;
Co-operation;
Cogency, or effectiveness.
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
The Organisation
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-
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Decompartmentilisation of policy and
organisation; integration
Far reaching delegation of authority to
embassies in the field;
Changes of attitudes and culture within the
organisation, for example: less risk aversion
and hierarchy, more team work, more
transparency and openness;
Key to success: people willing to work
together.
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Financial aspects
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Homogeneous Group of Foreign Policy
Expenditures; 1.1% of GNP;
ODA 0.8% of GNP, NON-ODA 0.3% of GNP;
Independence of annual budget discussions in
Parliament;
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Financial aspects
-
-
(continue)
Annual growth of NON-ODA has been very
important to realise many foreign policy goals
outside direct development co-operation
(ODA), such as culture, infrastructure, peace
operations, export promotion etc.;
Key to strengthening the position of the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, both financially
and institutionally as regards co-ordination
prerogatives in the Hague.
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
2)The Netherlands and the ROK, some facts;
Surface
Population
GDP
Growth (2005)
GDP Capita (PPP)
Services
Industry
Agriculture
Netherlands
42.000 km2
16.306.000
USD 4548 billion
0.9%
USD 34.000
72%
25%
3%
ROKorea
98.000 km2 (2x)
49.000.000 (3x)
USD 810 billion
4.%
USD 17.000
58%
38%
4%
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
The Netherlands and the ROK, some facts;
(continue)
Netherlands
Inflation
1.3%
Labour force
7.400.000
Unemployment
6.5%
Exports (G+S)
USD 335 billion
Imports (G+S)
USD 296 billion
Trade Volume % GNP NL 115%
Mobile phones
12.000.000
Internet users
8.200.000
ODA / Economic aid USD 4.0 billion
ROKorea
2.75%
23.000.000 (3x)
3.6%
USD 284 billion
USD 261 billion
ROK 72%
32.000.000
26.000.000
USD 400 million
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
The Netherlands and the ROK, some facts;
(continue)
* Some conclusions:
- ROK even more densely populated than the
Netherlands (NL)
- Services sector in NL bigger
- Foreign Trade more important in NL; volume larger
than GDP in NL, about 70% for ROK
- ICT penetration equally advanced
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
The Netherlands and the ROK, some facts;
(continue)
* Some conclusions:
- Large exports compensate for small domestic markets /
for NL, Europe is now the market
- Both excellent geographical positions
- Both squeezed by large neighbors
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
The Netherlands and the ROK, some facts;
(continue)
* Brief History:
-
Hendrik Hamel
Korean War
Embassy in Seoul since 1975
150-200 Dutch people
More than 40 companies active
NL 4th partner in trade volume from EU
NL largest investor in Korea from EU
Hiddink / Advokaat?
Cultural exchanges
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
3) The Netherlands and Globalisation
- Curse or blessing?
- Destroy cultural diversity?
- Eco- and Social dumping?
- Race to the bottom?
- Or create more and more wealth?
- But: successes only through globalisation;
trade; not self-sufficiency or import
substitution
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
What is globalisation?
(continue)
- And: Denmark and Netherlands very open
globalised and international, but with
strong welfare systems
- Definition: increasing cross-border
interdependence and integration of
production and markets for goods,
services and capital
- Globalisation is good for growth, and
should be pursued
- But: Rules based internationalism
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Success factors contributing to successful
participation of the Netherlands in
globalisation
- History / Maritime Tradition / No natural resources /
Trade / Open to the world
- Geographic location / Gateway
- Membership European Union / WTO / Strong
support for multilateral co-operation
- Political stability
- Excellent infrastructure / Rotterdam-Schiphol-Rivers
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Success factors contributing to successful
participation of the Netherlands in
globalisation
(continue)
- Flexible labour force
- Consensus politics / Labour relations / Tripartite
win/win
- Non-discrimination principle
- Open attitude to foreigners
- Excellent language skills
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Success factors contributing to successful
participation of the Netherlands in
globalisation
(continue)
- Favourable investment climate / Tax
treaties / Fiscal regime
- Favourable customs regime
- Large international multinational
corporations have contributed to positive
attitudes towards globalisation; Shell,
Unilever, Philips, AKZO/NOBEL, KLM,
PO NedLloyd, ABN/AMRO, ING
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Success factors contributing to successful
participation of the Netherlands in
globalisation
(continue)
- Openness economy forces competition,
efficiency, productivity and innovation,
and therefore creates wealth
- Outward FDI exceptionally large; 5th
largest stock in world, as much as 75% of
GDP; 25% to USA
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Success factors contributing to successful
participation of the Netherlands in
globalisation
(continue)
- Inward FDI also exceptionally large; 7th
largest stock in world, 65 % of GDP;
mainly from USA
- Specialised in transportation, distribution,
banking and insurance
- No support to sunset industries
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
4) Key problems facing the Netherlands
- Future of EU integration / Constitution-Turkey
- Ageing population / how to pay for it
- Integration of minorities
- Lagging productivity and competitiveness
- Continuous restructuring of labour market in order
to increase labour participation; work longer and
more;
- Research and Development;
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
4) Key problems facing the Netherlands
(continue)
- Continue adapting to a changing world;
without constant restructuring and
adaptation, stagnation will result
- So remain engaged with the world, and
open to it
Ministry of
Foreign Affairs
Conclusions
- As a small nation with small market, we must sell
abroad/ But for some indicators we are in top 10
of the world
- Must be open to be able to compete
- Participation in globalisation matter of survival
- Globalisation offers opportunities The
Netherlands is determined to grasp
- And: Globalisation is good for everyone, rich and
poor; book Johan Norberg “long live
Globalisation”