Transcript University of Flensburg/Germany International Institute of

University of Flensburg/Germany
International Institute of Management
Energy and Environmental Management in
Developing Countries
(former SESAM)
MEng (Industrial Engineering)
Energy in Germany
Presentation at
UWI
Jamaica
.2009
August Schläpfer
Wulf Boie
www.iim.uni-flensburg.de/sesam
[email protected]
Energy Consumption in Germany
•
The German economy is large
and developed
– Fifth in the world by GDP
•
•
•
Germany consumed the fifth most
energy per capita in the world in
2004
In 2007, Germany consumed 472
million tons of coal equivalents
The consumption is divided up
as follows:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mineral oils 33.8%
Natural gas 22.7%
Hard Coal 14.1%
Nuclear energy 11.1%
Lignite11.7%
Renewables6.6%
http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/p/pri-con-ger.htm
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management
Energy Imports
• Germany depends on
energy imports higher
than the average EU27
• Electricity generation
is based primarily on
coal and nuclear
energy, with growing
shares of natural gas
and renewable
sources
• 2004 Net Imports Imports by
Energy Product
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/doc/factsheets/mix/mix_de_en.pdf
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act:
Guaranteed Purchase of Renewable Energy
Grid Operators
Private Investors
Renwable Energy
Plants
Supply Renewable Electricity
Pay Feed In Tariff
Supply Renewable Electricity
as share of Electricity Mix
Reimburse Feed In Tariff
Equalize and balance
quantities of RE
Electricity
Suppliers
Reimburse Feed In Tariff
as part of electricity tariff
Electricity
Consumers
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act:
Feed-In Tariffs (2009)
New hydropower up to 5 MW,depending on size
Biomass up to 20 MW, depending on size,
Bonuses for cultivated biomass and for CHP
Geothermal up to 20 MW, depending on size,
Bonuses for cogeneration
Wind onshore (initial for five years)
Wind onshore (final)
Wind offshore (initial for five years)
Wind offshore (final)
Solar PV, depending on size, different tariffs for
roof mounted and freestanding plants
0.0765-0.1267
€/kWh
0.0779 - 0.1167 €/kWh
0.105-0.16
0,092
0,0502
0,13
0,035
€/kWh
€/kWh
€/kWh
€/kWh
€/kWh
0.3194-0.4301
€/kWh
Guaranteed for 20
years, degressions for
installation after 2009
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act:
Impact on Electricity Tariffs
Added cost of feed-in tariff
0.1 ct
Added cost of feed-in tariff
1.1 ct
Electricity tax
2.0 ct
Value Added Tax
3.4 ct
Concession fees
1.8 ct
Generation,Transmission,
Marketing
13 ct
• Included in generation/transmission cost: 0.4-0.8 ct for additional control energy
• Fraunhofer Institute: Reduction of market price due to wind energy: 0.95 ct/kWh
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act:
Impact
Solar PV
Wind
Biogenic waste
Biomass
Hydropower
Large share of renewable energy plants in Germany owned by
individual farmers, households, groups of individuals:
• 90 % of windfarms in North Frisia owned by groups of citizens
• 80 % of biogas plants in Germany below 500 kWel, 17% owned by cooperatives
• Most PV plants roof mounted, owned by households, farmers, communities
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act:
Impact on Environment and Economy
• Climate: 72 million t CO2eq.. savings in 2008
• Fossil fuel import: 1 billion € savings in 2007
(mainly coal and natural gas)
• Economy: Total turnover of the RE sector:
28.8 Billion € in 2008
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management
German Renewable Energy Act:
Impact on Regional Development
• Employment: 278 000 people working in the German RE
sector in 2008
Example Northern Schleswig Holstein (360 000 inhabitants): 9500 directly and
indirectly employed by wind energy sector in 2003
• Local income from energy sales if RE
plants are locally owned
Example North Frisia (167 000 inhabitants): approx.
30 Million €/year net income from energy sales
• Tax income: Operators of RE plants
pay local business tax to communities
Example North Frisia (167 000 inhabitants): 676 MW
wind capacity, 9,1 mio income from business tax
University of Flensburg
Energy and Environmental Management