Transcript Revision for People and the Planet

Revision for People
and the Planet
Name the case studies for this unit
Population Dynamics
Consuming Resources
Development Dilemmas
Globalisation
Changing Settlements of the
UK
Challenges of the Urban
Environment
This is the info what is the case study ?
1. Mexico
1.
2.
3.
2. Singapore
Under 15s are 31% of the population
3.
National night
Low density urban settlements so need long
4.
journeys to work, school etc
5.
4. 58% reduction in water usage
5. Employment 85%
6. 71% house hold waste is landfilled
6.
7. In its first five years of opening it has contributed
£500m – 700m to the Local economy.
7.
8. Agriculture is limited by steep slopes and high
rainfall so restricted to hill sheep and cattle farming.8.
9. attract an extra 1.7 million tourists over the year, 9.
encourage £2 billion worth of investment
10. 83.19% of tax from here
Oil use USA
BEDZED
Dharavi, Mumbai
India
London
Scotish Highlands
Eden Project
Liver pool City of
Culture
10.Dar es Salaam TZ
core
Graph it up …
Name each of the graphs and give a one line explanation of what it shows
Graph 1
Graph 2
Graph 3
Graph 4
Graph 5
Graph 6
Name the case study you could use
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1. Australia, New
Zealand, UK
2. Waverly
Council UK
3. Santo Antonio
Dam
4. Liverpool
London
Docklands
Development
Corp
5. Nike, Tesco
6. Tanzania –
Dar es Salaam
and Ruwka
7. London,
Barcelona?
Masdar
Changing Settlements of the UK
1. Name 2 factors which limited prosperity
in the Scottish Highlands.
2. State 3 factors which led to the decline
of Liverpool
3. Give 3 pieces of evidence that the Eden
project brought rural regeneration
4. Give 1 economic and one political
process which transformed London
5. State 2 things which promoted
prosperity in East Anglia
1. a. Agriculture is limited by steep slopes and
high rainfall so restricted to hill sheep and cattle
farming.
b. Fish stocks have declined e.g. Cod
c. Tourism in Aviemore for Skiing but is seasonal
d. Long distances need to be travelled for
amenities
e. Little industry – a few whisky distilleries.
2. – decline in 19th C industries, decline in
shipping to USA and empire, docks too shallow,
increased trade to Europe, containerisation
3. contributed £500m – 700m to the Cornish
economy. , It buys from no less than 3,000
Cornish firms. , 3,000 jobs have been sustained
locally due to its continuing success, 500 full-time
staff.
All were recruited locally,
75 per cent were previously unemployed .
4. economic- decline in docks, recession, LDDC
political – tax breaks for LDDC, invetsment in
infrastructure in docklands
5. aProsperous agriculture - flat land with fertile
soils. Very large farms .
b. Growth of traditional and new industries e..
Biotechnology and communications – especially
around Cambridge.
c. Growth of tourism – e.g The Norfolk Broads
d. Ports e.g. Felixstowe growing
e. Good transport links with London
Challenges of the Urban Environment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
How many commuters does London have daily ?
What % travel by car ?
Name 2 schemes to make transport more sustainable in
London
What % of London’s energy comes from renewable
sources ?
What size is Dharavi? How many people live there?
Where is Dharavi – location in city and country.
How many people per toilet in Dharavi?
What schemes are there to redevelop Dharavi?
What jobs are found in Dharavi?
1 3 million 69%
2 Borris bikes,
chip fat taxis,
congestions
charge.
3 Less than 1%
4 1 square mile
1million
5 Centre of
Mumbai, India
6 500
Key terms:
Key term
Definition
Ageing Population
This is when a country has a large number of people over the
age of 65 in their country.
Anti – natalist policy
A government policy used to encourage people to have fewer
children.
Birth rate
The number of births per 1,000 people in a year.
Death rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
Development
Economic and social progress that leads to improvements in the
quality of life for an increasing proportion of the population.
Economic migrant
Someone who has emigrated from one region to another region
looking for employment or improved standard of living.
Emigrant
A person leaving a country or region to live somewhere else (for
at least one year).
Exponential Growth
When the population starts doubling itself very quickly - the
bigger the population the faster it grows
Key term
Definition
Fertility rate
The average number of children born to a woman in her lifetime.
Immigrant
A person arriving in a country or region to live (for at least one
year).
Infant mortality rate
The number of babies who die per 1, 000 before the child's first
birthday.
Life expectancy
The average number of years a person might be expected to live.
Migration
The movement by people from one place to another
Natural change
The change (an increase or a decrease) in population numbers
resulting from the difference between birth and death rates.
Natural increase
Is the number of people added to or lost from the population of
every 1000 people in one year.
Overpopulation
An area that has too many people for the resources available.
Key term
Definition
Population pyramid
A diagrammatic way of showing the age and sex structure of a
population.
Population structure
The 'make up' or composition of a population
Pro -natalist policy
A government policy used to encourage people to have more
children.
Tipping point
The point at which the momentum of a change is unstoppable.
Under population
When there are too few people to develop fully the economic
potential of an area or nation.
Youthful population
This is when there are a very high percentage of people under
the age of 15.
Zero population
growth
(also called the replacement level, is where the population
neither grows or declines, and remains stable.
Key terms:
Key term
Definition
Alternative energy
Energy sources that provide an alternative to fossil fuels
Boserupian Theory
Ester Boserup (a Danish economist) argued that in times of
pressure, people will find ways to increase the production of food
by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers. ‘Necessity is the
mother of invention’.
Carbon Footprint
A measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce
Consumption
The using up of something
Ecological Footprint
The area needed to supply resources to an individual or a group
of people to maintain their lifestyle.
Food insecurity
When it is difficult to obtain sufficent food. This can range from
hunger to full blown famine
Food Security
The ability to obtain sufficent food on a day to day basis.
Fossil Fuel
Oil, coal and gas – Non renewable energy
Key term
Definition
Finite resource
A resource that is restricted or limited
Human resource
The skills and abilities of the population
Malthusian Theory
Thomas Malthus argued that eventually population would
outstrip food supply and at this point population would decrease
through starvation and other natural checks like war, disease
and morality.
Natural Resource
A resource that is naturally occuring like water, minerals that can
be turned into something in its own right or made into
something else.
Non renewable
resource
Resources that are being used up and cannot be replaced
Peak oil
The point at which oil production reaches a maximum level and
then declines
Key term
Definition
Recyclable resource
Resources, such as wood, that can be renewed if we act to
replace them as we use them.
Sustainable
development
Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising (limiting) the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.
Sustainable resource
A resource that is used up at the same speed that it is renewed.
Key terms:
Key term
Definition
Automation
The use of machinery rather than people, in manufacturing and
data processing
Deindustrialisation
Factories closing down in the 1980’s
Employment
Structure
The proportion of people working in each of the primary, secondary
and tertiary sector
Flows
A system of linkages between objects, places or individuals
Foreign direct
Investment
a direct investment into production or business in a country by an
individual or company of another country.
Global Economy
The international spread of goods and services, especially in recent
decades, across national boundaries and with minimal restrictions
by governments.
Global Shift
Cross border i0nteractions between nations, businesses and people
Globalisation
The movement of objects, people and ideas between places.
Industrialisation
Where a mainly agricultural society changes and begins to depend
on manufacturing industries instead.
Key term
Definition
Informal Sector
Forms of employment that are not officially recognised e.g.
People working for themselves on the streets of developing cities.
International
Monetary Fund
A US based organisation that raises funds from the worlds
wealthier countries, to help countries which become
economically unstable like Greece.
Merger
When one country takes over another one
Networks
Expanding travel networks communication technologies easily
connect manufactures and overseas buyers
Newly Industrialised
Countries
Like China, India and Brazil
Outsourcing
A process in which a company subcontracts part of its business to
another company
Players
Individuals and groups who are interested in and affected by a
decision making process
Primary sector
People extract raw material from the land or sea e.g. farming
Key term
Definition
Quaternary Sector
Provide information and expert help e.g. IT
Secondary Sector
People are involved in manufacturing e.g. house building
sweatshops
A factory where workers are expected to work very long hours, with
low pay and poor working conditions.
Teleworking
Also called: telecommuting the use of home computers,
telephones, etc, to enable a person to work from home while
maintaining contact with colleagues, customers, or a central office.
Tertiary Sector
provide a services e.g. selling goods or nursing
TNC’s
Trans National Corporations - a giant company operating in many
countries
WTO
World Trade Organisation
Key terms
Key term
Definition
Appropriate
technology
Equipment that the local community is able to use easily and without
much cost e.g. A water pump
Bottom up
approach
Where development comes from the local community. This is because
they can decide what best suits their needs e.g. A water pump for clean
water or solar panels to provide electricity for the village.
BRICS
The worlds 5 major developing economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China &
South Africa
Core region
This is the centre of economic activity. It’s where the majority of jobs are
and where the infrastructure is best. In India this place is Mumbai.
Dependency
theory
The idea that something (e.g. a country or region) is only able to survive
with outside support e.g. From another region or country.
Disparity
When there is variation in the distribution of wealth e.g. There is disparity
between the urban core and rural periphery.
Key terms
Key term
Definition
Environment
impact
How something effects the environment e.g. Large hydro-electric
dams cause flooding and can interfere with wildlife such as
migrating fish.
Development
indicator
These are factors that determine how developed a country is e.g.
Life expectancy, access to clean water and GDP.
Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
This is the total value of goods and services within a country.
Gross National
Income (GNI)
This is the total value of goods and services within a country.
Happy Planet
Index (HPI)
A measure of a countries wellbeing i.e. How happy and content
people are, based upon social and environmental indicators like
access to clean water, ecological footprint and life expectancy.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sZPYI8BfnBs#t=14
Key terms
Key term
Definition
Hydro-electric
power (HEP)
When electricity is generated by water flowing over a turbine, which spins
and generates electricity. Usually present in dams (Hydro-Electric Dam)
Human
Development
Index (HDI)
A development indicator based on four economic and social development
indicators that allows comparisons between countries. Indicators include
GDP, poverty line, access to clean water, adult literacy and life expectancy
Micro-hydro
schemes
Small scale hydro-electric power (HEP) schemes that generate electricity
locally.
Millennium
Development
Goals
The development goals agreed by world governments at the UN summit in
September 2000 e.g. Halting the spread of HIV.
Rural periphery
Impacts caused indirectly by the volcano/earthquake, for example ‘a knock
on effect’ e.g. Fires caused by broken gas pipes.
Urban core
The way and which people react to a situation.
Poverty cycle
Help and aid provided to an area to prevent immediate loss of life because of
shortages of basics, such as water, food and shelter.
Key terms
Key term
Definition
Multiplier effect
How investment and job creation in turn creates more jobs , because people
earn money and spend it, creating new businesses, which in turn create
more new jobs.
Rostow model
The theory that countries pass through 5 stages of development. 1.
Traditional society 2. Pre-Take Off Society 3. Take off Stage 4. Drive to
Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption
Top-down
approach
When development is initiated by people from the top i.e. Government and
big business e.g. In the form of large hydro-electric dams such as the Katse
Dam in Lesotho.
Sustainable
development
Development that takes into account the needs of people (social), the needs
of the environment and the economy (money & jobs)