Transcript Globalization, Communication and U.S.

Korea’s Knowledge Economy:
Education in the Information Age
James F. Larson, Ph.D.
Deputy Director
Fulbright Commission, Seoul
Spring 2008
Presentation Overview
• The Knowledge Economy framework in
Historical Context.
• Key features of South Korea’s education
sector.
• Aspects and indicators of Korea’s evolving
information society.
• How Fulbright Korea can help you.
Knowledge Economy Framework
Provides incentives for the
efficient creation,
dissemination,
and use of
existing
knowledge
Economic and
Institutional
Regime
Knowledge Economy Framework
Provides incentives for the
efficient creation,
dissemination,
and use of
existing
knowledge
Economic and
Institutional
Regime
Necessary for the
creation and effective
use of knowledge
Education
Knowledge Economy Framework
Provides incentives for the
efficient creation,
dissemination,
and use of
existing
knowledge
Economic and
Institutional
Regime
Necessary for the
creation and effective
use of knowledge
Education
system
Innovation ofEffective
firms, research
centers, universities
that can tap into
global knowledge,
assimilate and adapt it
and create local
knowledge
Knowledge Economy Framework
Provides incentives for the
efficient creation,
dissemination,
and use of
existing
knowledge
Economic and
Institutional
Regime
To facilitate
the effective
communication,
dissemination,
and processing
of information
Information
Infrastructure
Necessary for the
creation and effective
use of knowledge
Education
system
Innovation ofEffective
firms, research
centers, universities
that can tap into
global knowledge,
assimilate and adapt it
and create local
knowledge
Knowledge Economy Framework
Provides incentives for the
efficient creation,
dissemination,
and use of
existing
knowledge
Economic and
Institutional
Regime
To facilitate
the effective
communication,
dissemination,
and processing
of information
Information
Infrastructure
Necessary for the
creation and effective
use of knowledge
Education
system
Innovation ofEffective
firms, research
centers, universities
that can tap into
global knowledge,
assimilate and adapt it
and create local
knowledge
Knowledge & Economic Growth
Knowledge Makes the Difference
South Korea
12,000
Real GDP per capita (2000 US$)
10,000
Difference in
output due to
TFP growth or
knowledge
accumulation
in Korea
8,000
6,000
Mexico
4,000
Difference in output
due to growth in
labor and capital in
Korea
2,000
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Korea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.
Specialized High Schools
• A high school with an animation
department http://www.bchs.hs.kr/
• Korea Game Science High School
http://www.game.hs.kr/
• Daewon Foreign Language High School
http://daewon.seoul.kr/dflhs/dflhs_eng/da
efh_mseng01.asp
Korea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.
• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
graduates going on to higher education
Advancement/Employment Rate for
High School Graduates
Advancement/Employment Rate for
University Graduates
Korea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.
• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
graduates going on to higher education
• Korea is the number one source of
international students in the United States.
Academic Level of Korean Students
in the U.S. (2006/7 Open Doors)
• 45.2%
• 38.4%
• 7.2%
• 9.2%
undergraduate
graduate students
other
OPT (Optional Practical Training)
Korean Students in U.S. by Level
60.0
50.0
percent
40.0
47.2
41.1
48.3
47.8
47.2
42.3
43.3
45.2
43.9
45.7
45.2
41.4
40.3
38.4
%UG
30.0
% Grad
20.0
10.0
0.0
2000
2001
2002
2003
year
2004
2005
2006
Open Doors Data-Intensive English
Rank
Place of Origin
Students
S-Weeks
WORLD TOTAL
45,167
636,522
1
Korea, Rep. of (South)
10,026
141,336
2
Japan
7,453
94,649
3
Saudi Arabia
5,047
126,996
4
Taiwan
4,748
68,868
5
Brazil
1,572
14,351
6
China
1,461
18,686
7
France
1,008
7,688
8
Thailand
975
13,105
The Education Deficit
• Refers to the growing number of students
going overseas for education, especially at
the secondary level and earlier.
• Large recent growth in secondary level
students going abroad.
Korea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.
• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
graduates going on to higher education
• Korea is the number one source of
international students in the United States.
• It invests more private funds in education
than other countries. Private institutes are
a major political issue.
Korea’s Services Deficit
More Americans Coming to Korea
Korea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.
• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
graduates going on to higher education
• Korea is the number one source of
international students in the United States.
• It invests more private funds in education
than other countries. Private institutes are
a major political issue.
Private Versus Public Expenditure
Private Education is Big Business in
Korea
• The industry is estimated to be worth 20-
30 trillion won ($21 billion to $32 billion).
• Samsung Securities estimated the market
would reach 28.6 trillion won this year.
Private Institutes in Korea
• 77 percent of Korean students are getting
private education
• Averaging 7.8 hours per week
• 222,000 won per child
• 20.4 trillion won expenditure last year
Investment in English Education
• Koreans spend an estimated $16 billion
per year on private institutes and tutoring.
• This estimate includes English lessons at
the kindergarten level and expenses for
those families who go overseas for study.
Source: Samsung Research Institute
Korea’s Education Sector
• Specialized and private high schools.
• Korea has the world’s highest rate of H.S.
•
•
•
graduates going on to higher education
Korea is the number one source of international
students in the United States.
It invests more private funds in education than
other countries. Private institutes and the
“education deficit” are major political issues.
President-elect Lee Myung Bak’s government
pledges major educational reforms.
President-elect Lee Myung Bak’s
Promised Reforms
• Doing away with the former “three nos”
policy which prevented universities from
– administering their own entrance exams
– ranking high schools and
– accepting donations for admitting students.
• Giving universities full autonomy in the
selection of students.
President-elect Lee Myung Bak’s
Promised Reforms
• Reducing the role of private education and
strengthening the public education system.
• Education Ministry has become the
Ministry of Education, Science and
Technology
Highlights of the New
Government’s English-Friendly Plan
• Gov’t to invest $4.2 billion over the next five
•
•
•
•
•
•
years
To introduce Teaching English in English
To outsource 23,000 teachers
Reduce English class size from 35 to 23
Offer immersion and other training to English
teachers
Utilize housewives and overseas Koreans
Introduce an English proficiency test to replace
current tests
Government Plan is Controversial
LG Electronics Adopts English
2. Korea’s Information Revolution
• Broadband Internet and household
communications expenditures
• Exports of telecoms equipment
• Digital Opportunity Index
• Korea’s Ubiquitous Networked Society plan
• Limits placed by language
• Korea’s Digital Divide
Is this service or is this service?
Broadband penetration, historic, top five OECD countries for Dec. 2006
Denmark
35
Netherlands
30
Switzerland
25
20
Iceland
15
Korea
10
5
0
2001
2002-Q2
Source : OECD
2002
2003-Q2
2003
2004-Q2
2004
2005-Q2
2005
2006-Q2
2006
OECD broadband penetration and GDP per capita
Broadband penetration, Dec. 2006
GDP per capita, 2005
90,000
35
Broadband penetration (subscribers per 100 inhabitants, Dec. 2006)
80,000
GDP per capita (USD PPP, 2005)
70,000
Simple correlation = 0.649
60,000
30
25
20
50,000
15
40,000
30,000
10
20,000
5
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0
Source : OECD
10,000
0
Household Internet Access-OECD
Weekly Internet Access Hours
Household Investments in OECD
Countries
Relative Communication
Expenditures by OECD Countries
Korea’s Exports of
Telecommunications Equipment
• A key measure of the information society.
• Telecommunications Equipment Includes, Among
Others
–
–
–
–
–
Various kinds of phone handsets
Fax machines, printers
Telephone switching devices
Broadcasting apparatus
In general—components of modern networks
Korea’s Exports of
Telecommunication Equipment
• In 2005 Korea ranked third among OECD
countries, after the UK and Germany and
ahead of the U.S. with over $20 billion in
exports (OECD Communications Outlook
2007).
• The same year it ranked 17th in telecoms
equipment imports with about $3 billion.
Samsung and LG TVs and Displays
Indicators of the Information Age
in Korea
• The growth rate of the IT industry in 2006
surpassed that of the non-IT industry by
3.9 times,whose proportion in total GDP
exceeded 16.2% for the first time in
history.
• Korea leads the world in the ITU’s Digital
Opportunity Index
Indicators of the Information Age
in Korea
• Korea’s current rate of Internet usage by
those over the age 6 had reached 75.5%
by June 2007,
• The number of broadband Internet
subscribers had reached 14.44 million,
indicating 90% of total households in
Korea had access to broadband Internet.
The u-Korea Master Plan
• to establish developmental strategy in
coping with the future informatization
paradigm shift to the ubiquitous society
• To facilitate IT growth
– Next generation mobile communication
– Digital TV broadcasting
– Displays
– Next generation semiconductor
The u-Korea Master Plan
– Digital content
– Intelligent robots
– Intelligent home networks
– Software solutions (built-in software)
– Next generation battery
– Next generation PCs
http://www.ubiquitousdream.or.kr/
Songdo U-City www.songdo.com
Korea’s Digital Divide:
Communications and National
Reunification
• The problem with “indicators” of the
information age is that they apply to only
half of the Korean peninsula
• Recent approval of .kp domain name for
North Korea
• Two parts of communication disparity:
infrastructure and news/information flow.
Language as a Limiting Factor
• People, including Koreans, prefer to surf
the web in their own language.
• In Korea, almost everyone uses Naver to
search, for one reason. It is all in Korean.
• Web usage in Korea only started to
increase when the number of .kr domains
dramatically increased, indicating Koreanlanguage content.
Growth of .kr domains
The Fulbright Commission in Seoul,
Korea
• Founded by the U.S. and Korea just before the
•
•
Korean War broke out.
One of the largest Fulbright Commissions
worldwide.
Three major areas of activity:
– Fulbright grants and some other smaller grant
programs.
– U.S. Education Center –a State Department Affiliated
Advising Center
– Academic Testing
Services for U.S. Educational
Institutions
• Our U.S. Education Center works with all
major U.S. study fairs in Korea.
Services for U.S. Educational
Institutions
• Our U.S. Education Center works with all
major U.S. study fairs in Korea.
• We provide an array of web and event
services to help U.S. schools promote
themselves to prospective Korean students.
Services for U.S. Schools
• Our U.S. Education Center works with all
major U.S. study fairs in Korea.
• We provide an array of web and event
services to help U.S. schools promote
themselves to prospective Korean students.
• We work closely with the Korea Overseas
Study Association (KOSA)
Services for U.S. Schools
• We’re launching an English-language blog
for U.S. schools and educational
organizations
http://fulbrightkorea.wordpress.com/
• A description of our services and prices
can be found at
http://www.educationusa.or.kr/en/usec/se
rvices.php#02