Transcript Role of the networks in a cohesive, competitive and

ROLE OF THE NETWORKS
IN A COHESIVE, COMPETITIVE
AND SUSTAINABLE EUROPE
Tamás Fleischer
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Centre for Economic and Regional Studies
Institute for World Economics
<http://www.vki.hu/~tfleisch>
<[email protected]>
Entretiens Economiques Européens (EEE)
Fifth round table: The implementation of projects on the territories and the
articulation with a European dynamic of cohesion and sustainable development
The revival of the social and economical dialogue for employment and
training, industrial imperatives and competitiveness
Bologna, Italy, October, 30-31, 2012
ROLE OF THE NETWORKS
IN A COHESIVE, COMPETITIVE
AND SUSTAINABLE EUROPE
(AS SEEN FROM EASTERN CENTRAL EUROPE)
Tamás Fleischer
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Centre for Economic and Regional Studies
Institute for World Economics
<http://www.vki.hu/~tfleisch>
<[email protected]>
Entretiens Economiques Européens (EEE)
Fifth round table: The implementation of projects on the territories and the
articulation with a European dynamic of cohesion and sustainable development
The revival of the social and economical dialogue for employment and
training, industrial imperatives and competitiveness
Bologna, Italy, October, 30-31, 2012
Role of the
networks
in a cohesive,
competitive and
sustainable Europe
(AS SEEN FROM
EASTERN CENTRAL
EUROPE)
Investing in Europe’s future: Fifth
report on economic, social and
territorial cohesion. Chapter I:
Economic, social and territorial
situation and trends. p. 12.
© European Union, 2010
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/doc
offic/official/reports/cohesion5/pdf/5cr_en.pdf
Role of the networks
in a cohesive, competitive and sustainable Europe
 The main message of the contribution in theses
(1) While we deal with territorial issues and networks, the spatial dimension of
the sustainability also has to be underlined besides the frequently
mentioned temporal dimension
(2) The internal networks are the basis of a region’s operation,
competitiveness. It helps to reserve the structure and the existing connections
within the region
(3) External access to/from a region is very important, but the positive effects
can reach the given region only if the internal transmitter elements are
existing and the region is able to adapt these effects
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is necessary but
not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of the less developed
regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap
(1) While we deal with territorial issues and networks, the
spatial dimension of the sustainability also has to be underlined
besides the frequently mentioned temporal dimension
 UN Bruntland report (Our Common Future 1987) definition of
sustainable development “meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”
 The general sustainability approach focus on the time dimension
of sustainability; taking care on the environmental conditions of
the future generations (inter-generational solidarity)
 Also important to speak about the spatial conditions of
sustainability as spatial solidarity and spatial interdependence or intra-generational solidarity and spatial self-defence
 Spatial extension – intra-generational solidarity / defence
„development, that meets the needs of those living here without
compromising the ability of those living elsewhere to meet their
own needs”
(1) While we deal with territorial issues and networks, the
spatial dimension of the sustainability also has to be underlined
besides the frequently mentioned temporal dimension
 Inter-generational connection is a one-way relation: our
responsibility for future generations, - they can’t do anything for
us...
 Intra-generational relation is a two-ways relation: the activity
of others can also effect our circumstances and possibilities. We
have to count on their solidarity, but this is not enough, we must
also do for defending our environment. Sustaining our activity
in a changing environment besides the solidarity we need also a
kind of self-defence.
 Sustainability is also a fight for control over space out of control
over time. “Space of places must retain its autonomy and its
meaning independently from the evolution and dynamics of the
space of flows” (M Castells)
(1) While we deal with territorial issues and networks, the
spatial dimension of the sustainability also has to be underlined
besides the frequently mentioned temporal dimension
 The key concept: „space of places” and „space of flows”
(Castells, Manuel 1996 The Rise of the Network Society - The Information Age).
 Space of places is our physical environment that has meaning
and importance for us, with its order, culture, rules, and internal
structures. Space of flows is the field of force: the effects
arriving from outside. This latter is not a continuous space, but
space of individual effects.
 Castells do not want to exclude external impacts and do not
deny the possibility of internal changes, just underlines that too
rapid and too sudden external effects not serve, but rather
disintegrate internal relations and structures. - defence is
needed against.
What do the network can do?
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
 Above terms can be translated to economic and transport relations
using terms as provision, (connections of the ‘space of places’) and.
accessibility, through traffic and by-passing. (trajectories of the
‘space of flows’)
Different
network
relations
relative to
a region
Source: After Plogmann (1980), with own additions
(2) The internal networks are the basis of a region’s operation,
competitiveness. It helps to reserve the structure and the existing
connections within the region. Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
 P1 The existence of a proper internal network is the
precondition of the harmonised operation of a region.
 A main target of the transport is not the “good transport” in
itself -- but to make prosperous the world of the starting
and destination points in a region.
 The physical networks of a region reserve the paths of earlier
connections as a memory, and make easier to sustain or
create again similar relations.=>
(2) The internal networks are the basis of a region’s operation,
competitiveness. It helps to reserve the structure and the existing
connections within the region. Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
The different
network patterns
of the western
and the eastern
side of the
Polish railway
network
Source: Ray, Violette: (1991)
Borders versus Networks in
Eastern Central Europe.
Flux, Vol.1. No.3.
(2) The internal networks are the basis of a region’s operation,
competitiveness. It helps to reserve the structure and the existing
connections within the region. Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
The 20% of
Polish gminas
with lowest own
income per
capita, 1998
Source: Gorzelak G –
Jalowiecki B (2002)
European Boundaries: Unity or
Division of the Continent?
Regional Studies, Vol.36. No.4.
(2) The internal networks are the basis of a region’s operation,
competitiveness. It helps to reserve the structure and the existing
connections within the region. Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
 P2 The pattern of the internal structure determines,
whether a given region becomes prosperous.
 In case of strictly hierarchical structures the nods are in key
positions as the flows are not able to avoid them. The
consequences are rigidity, vulnerability and the lack of
flexibility.
 The importance of a grid structure is, that different points of a
region are helped to be at a more equal position, that is it
decreases (and not increases) the differences owing to their
position.=>
(2) The internal networks are the basis of a region’s operation,
competitiveness. It helps to reserve the structure and the existing
connections within the region. Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
The distinction between centripetal and centrifugal networks
Source: Rodrigue, J-P (1998-2003), Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University
(3) External access to/from a region is very important, but the positive effects can reach the given region only if the internal transmitter
elements are existing and the region is able to adapt these effects.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
 A1 The multi-directionality and multi-laterality of the
accessibility is of basic importance for the development of a
region. =>
 A2 Among the external relations a difference has to be taken
between large scale backbone relations (linking regions by
corridors) and neighbour relations. (an extension of the internal
provision relations)
 A3 The symmetry or the asymmetry of the impacts depends on
the difference in the development of the interconnected regions.
Interconnecting to each other developed and less developed
regions, it is to be considered that what measure and tempo of the
external changes is bearable for the less developed structure.
(3) External access to/from a region is very important, but the positive effects can reach the given region only if the internal transmitter
elements are existing and the region is able to adapt these effects.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
 A1 The multi-directionality and multi-laterality of the
accessibility is of basic importance for the development of a
region. =>
 A2 Among the external relations a difference has to be taken
between large scale backbone relations (linking regions by
corridors) and neighbour relations. (an extension of the internal
provision relations)
 A3 The symmetry or the asymmetry of the impacts depends on
the difference in the development of the interconnected regions.
Interconnecting to each other developed and less developed
regions, it is to be considered that what measure and tempo of the
external changes is bearable for the less developed structure.
…Demolishing the fences between the lion’s and the zebra’s
hurdle in the zoo
(3) External access to/from a
region is very important, but
the positive effects can reach
the given region only if the
internal transmitter elements
are existing and the region is
able to adapt these effects.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
Investing in Europe’s future: Fifth
report on economic, social and
territorial cohesion. Chapter IV:
Impact of Cohesion Policy. p. 255.
© European Union, 2010
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/cohesion5/pdf/5cr_en.pdf
(3) External access to/from a
region is very important, but
the positive effects can reach
the given region only if the
internal transmitter elements
are existing and the region is
able to adapt these effects.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
Investing in Europe’s future: Fifth
report on economic, social and
territorial cohesion. Chapter IV:
Impact of Cohesion Policy. p. 255.
© European Union, 2010
http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docoffic/official/reports/coh
esion5/pdf/5cr_en.pdf
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
Source: Az országos közúthálózat 1991-2000 évekre szóló-fejlesztési programja 1991, KHVM.
Road numbering since 1975 – the first signal of corridor thinking
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
Source: http://tentea.ec.europa.eu/download/maps/overview/01_tent_and_pp30_20101011_labels_galileo_logo.pdf
EUROPA > European Commission > TEN-T projects MAP Library
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
 Schema of the grid of the TEN for the 12s (15s) in 1992
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
 Eastern extension of the grid of the TEN
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
 Eastern extension of the W-E corridors of the TEN
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
 Eastern extension of the W-E corridors of the TEN
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
Source: http://www.khvm.hu/EU-integracio/A_magyarorszagi_TINA_halozat/Image11.gif
The Helsinki, or pan-European transport corridors
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries. Provision, accessibility,
 European Interest ? – the extension of the TEN network
toward the East was rather the extension of the east-west
corridors of the TEN than the extension of the grid itself. It
reflected the Fifteen’s interest rather than the general
interest of the enlarged European Union.
 European Interest ? – during the adaptation of the EU (CTP)
priorities the transition countries overestimated the
significance of the TEN (supranational) level in territorial
cohesion. Without good local networks the expected
advantages can not penetrate into the local economy, to
achieve cohesion – so good local network is of a general
interest.
 European Interest ? – the structure/pattern of the interregional networks within Hungary follow an over-centralised
structure that is also a barrier in the development of the
adaptive capacity of the country.
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
 The Danube valley is a macro-region of Europe
 What is a Macro-Region? "There is no standard definition for a
macro-region [...]. The definition applied here, developed during the
preparation of the European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea
Region, will be “an area including territory from a number of
different countries or regions associated with one or more
common features or challenges.” Source: Macro-regional Strategies in the
European Union - published on the Website of DG Regional Policy
 Macro region: Co-operation of countries having a similar cohesion
background (From an early paper of the Hungarian Foreign Ministry 2010)
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
 Positive approach
 (1) An almost complete set of EU countries with different cohesion
background : a longitudinal section of the oldest, the old, the
newer and the future EU member countries.
(A concentrated pattern of the EU cohesion and enlargement problems)
 (2) Symbolic meaning of the Danube: Rhine as a symbol of the EC
of the old EU founders – Danube as a symbol of the extended
EU =>
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
Rhine as a link within the founders of the EC
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
Rhine as a link within the founders of the EC
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
A RAJNA- (EU-6) LEJTŐ
Economic development of the countries along the Rhine (EC 6)
GDP/fő PPS EU-27 = 100
160
140
CH
120
100
80
D*
NL B
F
I
60
40
20
0
0
50
100
150
200
Source of data: Europe in figures - Eurostat yearbook 2010
Population data Jan. 1st, 2010; GDP values for the year 2008.
GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) (EU-27 = 100)
250
300
lakosszám [millió]
Inhabitans [million]
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
Countries of the Danube area:
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility,
transit, by-passing ÉS A DUNA LEJTŐ
A NYUGAT-KELETI
160
DUNA
140
PPS arány [GDP/fő]
120
EU-27 GDP/fő PPS átlag = 100
100
80
NL
B
D*
A
60
CZ*
SK
HU
CR
40
SR*
RO
BG
+MO + UKR
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Source of data: Europe in figures - Eurostat yearbook 2010
Population data Jan. 1st, 2010; GDP values for the year 2008.
GDP per capita in Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) (EU-27 = 100)
120
lakosszám [millió fő]
140
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is
necessary but not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of
the less developed regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap.
Provision, accessibility, transit, by-passing
A NYUGAT-KELETI ÉS A DUNA LEJTŐ
2
160
140
1
3
PPS arány [GDP/fő]
120
EU-27 GDP/fő PPS átlag = 100
100
80
NL
B
D*
A
60
CZ*
SK
HU
CR
40
SR*
RO
BG
+MO + UKR
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
lakosszám [millió fő]
 Different EU intervention policies to help cohesion
 1 CBC softening steps, blurring sharp frontiers
 2 INTERREG multilateral functional territorial cooperation
 3 The main cohesion target: ‘catching up’, in growth terms, by
interconnecting regions
 !!! 1–3 interventions are operating but in case of small differences
 4 Macro-region: different regions with diverse development paths
multi-dimensional values, diverse current targets
140
Summary of the general findings
 Focusing on the spatial dimension of sustainability we stressed the
importance of the spatial self-defence by calming the effects of
externally led quick changes. Internal networks, internal structure,
improvement of spatial adaptivity - these are considered to be keyelements of the spatial sustainability.
 Transport networks have important role in reserving the internal
structure. Physical networks reserve the structure of earlier internal
(economic, social) relations as a memory, and are able to conserve
these relations.
 It is worthy to distinguish the role of the internal networks and that
of the external links
 Better internal links – help external competitiveness
– may improve or worsen internal cohesion
( depending on the structure of links
and the size of differences )
Summary of the general findings
 Better external links – may improve or worsen external competitiveness
– may improve or worsen both internal cohesion
and external cohesion
 Corridors (TEN) in Western Europe were based on the internal demand
of the area, namely on the necessity of the interconnection of well
developed national networks (“Single network to the single market”)
 In the eastern part of Europe the starting point was external: the
extension of the TEN network toward the east. Their priority was
exaggerated in countries where internal connections also would have
needed development
 It would be useful, if similarly developed regions of the EU could
harmonise their needs in a macro-regional level, instead of following
a mythical uniform European development (that seemed a realistic
target for the EU-6s, EU-9s perhaps EU-15s – but definitely doesn’t work
for the EU-27s )
Role of the networks
in a cohesive, competitive and sustainable Europe
 The main message of the contribution in theses
(1) While we deal with territorial issues and networks, the spatial dimension of
the sustainability also has to be underlined besides the frequently
mentioned temporal dimension
(2) The internal networks are the basis of a region’s operation,
competitiveness. It helps to reserve the structure and the existing connections
within the region
(3) External access to/from a region is very important, but the positive effects
can reach the given region only if the internal transmitter elements are
existing and the region is able to adapt these effects
(4) TEN is an internal network of the EU and as such it is the basis of the
external competitiveness of the Community – while TEN is also the
external link of each member-states and needs good local distribution
networks for being useful for the single countries
(5) Interconnection between differently developed economies is necessary but
not sufficient tool or guarantee for the caching up of the less developed
regions: the impact may also be an increasing gap
ROLE OF THE NETWORKS
IN A COHESIVE, COMPETITIVE
AND SUSTAINABLE EUROPE
(AS SEEN FROM EASTERN CENTRAL EUROPE)
Tamás Fleischer
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Centre for Economic and Regional Studies
Institute for World Economics
<http://www.vki.hu/~tfleisch>
<[email protected]>
THANKS FOR
YOUR ATTENTION !
Entretiens Economiques Européens (EEE)
Fifth round table: The implementation of projects on the territories and the
articulation with a European dynamic of cohesion and sustainable development
The revival of the social and economical dialogue for employment and
training, industrial imperatives and competitiveness
Bologna, Italy, October, 30-31, 2012