Transcript Integrating social, environmental and economic

Integrating social, environmental and
economic dimensions into a
monitoring framework
Maria Martinho
[email protected]
Summary
• Context
• What do data tell us about the integration of the
three dimensions of sustainable development?
• Indicators/measures to monitor sustainable
development
• Inequality measures
• Conclusion
Context
Rio+20, HLPGS, post-2015 discussions
• Increasing interest in having sustainable
development at the core of development
• Need to integrate the social, economic and
environmental dimensions of development
What do data tell us about the integration of
the social, economic and environmental
dimensions of development?
Illustrative example: HDI versus Ecological footprint
Countries with high HDI tend to have high
environmental impact
1.0
Countries with low
ecological
foortprint tend to
have low HDI
Human Development Index
0.9
CLOSER TO
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
0.8
High human
development
(HDI>0.8)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Earth's biocapacity
(2.1 hectares per person)
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Ecological Footprint (global hectares per capita)
12.0
HDI versus Ecological footprint
• So far, in most countries, there has been a tradeoff between socio-economic development and
environmental protection
Countries with high HDI tend to have high
environmental impact
1.0
Countries with low
ecological
foortprint tend to
have low HDI
Human Development Index
0.9
CLOSER TO
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
0.8
High human
development
(HDI>0.8)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Earth's biocapacity
(2.1 hectares per person)
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
Ecological Footprint (global hectares per capita)
12.0
Is it possible for countries to reach
higher levels of social development
while keeping a sustainable
environmental impact?
HDI versus Ecological footprint
• Some countries have succeeded in moving higher
up in the HDI while keeping within a sustainable
ecological footprint
Peru
1
2005
2000
1995
0.8
1990
1985
1975
1980
HDI
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
Ecological footprint
2
2.5
HDI versus Ecological footprint
• And others have succeeded to move to a lower
ecological footprint while keeping high levels of
HDI
Germany
2005 2000 1995 1990
1985
1980
1
HDI
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
Ecological footprint
6
7
What measures can make the interlinkages between the socioeconomic and environmental
dimensions visible?
• Indicators/measures to monitor sustainable
development should:
– Permit to visualize the environmental implications of
socio-economic activities and the welfare implications of
imbalances and changes of ecosystems
• to promote synergies and avoid trade-offs favouring one
dimension over the others
– Reflect the complexity of sustainable development in its
multiple dimensions
• but be simple and user-friendly for policy makers
Integrating the 3 dimensions
•
Indicators on the three dimensions of sustainable
development
Social
indicators
Economic
indicators
Environmental
indicators
Health
Income
GHG emissions
Education
GDP
Land degradation
Hunger
Debt
Water
Shelter
Productivity
Forests
etc
etc
etc
Integrating the 3 dimensions
• Indicators that reflect impacts on all 3 dimensions
– eradicating hunger
• Social: food security
– MDG 1.8, prevalence of underweight children
– MDG 1.9, population below a minimum level of dietary energy
consumption
• Economic: efficient use of water and land
– Agricultural output per unit water consumed (CSD indicator), but
data are scarce
• Environmental: decreased environmental degradation and
waste, in food production and consumption
– Amount of food waste (FAO)
– Use of agricultural pesticides (FDES indicators)
Integrating the 3 dimensions
• Another example:
– sustainable energy for all
• Social: energy access
– Energy use per capita (IEA)
– Share of households without electricity or other modern energy
services (CSD indicator; collected in household surveys), but data
are scarce
• Economic: energy efficiency
– Energy use per $1000 GDP (IEA)
• Environmental: use of renewable and clean sources
– Renewable as % of total (IEA)
– % of population using solid fuels (WHO)
Integrating and balancing the 3 dimensions
Social
indicators
Economic
indicators
Environmental
indicators
Health
Income
GHG emissions
Education
Employment
Land degradation
etc
etc
etc
Social summary
measure
Economic summary
measure
Environmental
summary measure
Integrating the 3 dimensions
•
Summary measures to provide an overall picture of what
happens in social, economic and/or environmental
dimensions
– GDP
– Human development index
– Ecological footprint, environmental performance index, living
planet index
– etc
Integrating and balancing the 3 dimensions
Social
indicators
Economic
indicators
Environmental
indicators
Health
Income
GHG emissions
Education
Employment
Land degradation
etc
etc
etc
Social summary
measure
Economic summary
measure
How to integrate
them?
Environmental
summary measure
Integrating the 3 dimensions
•
Measures that favour synergies and penalize tradeoffs
– Many summary measures do not penalize trade offs
• methodology for aggregation: simple average of different
indicators
Country
Env
Soc
Eco
X
0.1
0.5
0.9
Y
0.4
0.5
0.6
S = social measure
Eco = economic measure
Env = Environmental measure
•
Simple average
– Both countries, X and Y,
have the same average
(Env + Soc + Eco)/3 = 0.5
Integrating the 3 dimensions
•
Measures that favour synergies and penalize tradeoffs
– Many summary measures do not penalize trade offs
• methodology for aggregation: simple average of different
indicators
Country
Env
Soc
Eco
X
0.1
0.5
0.9
Y
0.4
0.5
0.6
But country X performs much better
in the economic dimension at the
price of a low environmental
performance
S = social measure
Eco = economic measure
Env = Environmental measure
Values closer to one indicate better performance
Integrating the three dimensions
Country
X
Y
Env Soc Eco • Simple average
– Both countries, X and Y,
0.1 0.5 0.9
have the same mean
(Env + Soc + Eco)/3 = 0.5
0.4 0.5 0.6
•
Geometric mean
3
SD =
Soc × Eco × Env
– Country X: 0.36
– Country Y: 0.49
Penalized for the
economicenvironmental
trade-off
Integrating the 3 dimensions
•
Measures that favour synergies and penalize tradeoffs
– Geometric mean
•
Has been used in the calculation of the human development
index since 2011
•
Better than simple average at penalizing trade-offs
Integrating and balancing the 3 dimensions
Social
indicators
Economic
indicators
Environmental
indicators
Health
Income
GHG emissions
Education
Employment
Land degradation
etc
etc
etc
Social summary
measure
Economic summary
measure
Overall SD
measure
Environmental
summary measure
Inequality measures
•
Measure disparities across a population of the
resources received by that population
•
Resources: income, land, education, health services,
energy, water, etc.
•
Measures across all population versus disaggregating
for specific groups
– Across all population: Gini coefficient, Hoover coefficient, %
population with access to a service, etc.
– For specific groups: disaggregating indicators for
women/men, by wealth quintiles, for minorities, for persons
with disabilities, etc.
Income inequality measures
•
Increased interest in the SDG discussions
•
Associated to social negative outcomes, like increased
violence, increased adolescent pregnancy rates
•
Popular/discussed measures
– Gini coefficient
– Palma index
– Poorest quintile's share in national income/consumption
Income inequality measures
•
Popular/discussed measures
Cumulative
income
– Gini coefficient
•
Intuitive
•
More sensitive to changes in the middle class
•
Not immediate to see the situation of the poorest
Cumulative population
– Palma index
•
Ratio of the income of top 10% to the bottom 40%
•
Most equal countries have Palma index close to one
•
The bottom 40% may improve without improvement of the bottom 10%
– Poorest quintile's share in national income/consumption
Palma index for Brazil
Income inequality measures
•
Popular/discussed measures
Cumulative
income
– Gini coefficient
•
Intuitive
•
More sensitive to changes in the middle class
•
Not immediate to see the situation of the poorest
Cumulative population
– Palma index
•
Ratio of the income of top 10% to the bottom 40%
•
Most equal countries have Palma index close to one
•
The bottom 40% may improve without improvement of the bottom 10%
– Poorest quintile's share in national income/consumption
•
Can supplement other inequality measures
Concluding points
•
Sets of indicators should address the three dimensions
of sustainable development
Combining measures can help promote synergies in the
three dimensions
•
–
•
geometric means
Many inequality measures around, selection depends
on purpose