Transcript peru

WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION POLICIES IN PERU
APEC International Conference on
Natural Resources and Infrastructure
Management for Agriculture
August 6 – 8, 2012
Bangkok, Thailand
MSc. Ernesto Helfgott
Head, Technical Irrigation Office Subsector Irrigation Program Ministry of Agriculture
PERU: GENERAL FACTS
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Country name
Area
Population
Capital city
People
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Language
Religion
Currency
Government
Head of State
Membership
: Republic of Peru
: 1,285,220 km2
: 30,054,400
: Lima (population: 9.11 million)
: Amerindian (45%), Mestizo (37%), European/White (15%), African, Japanese,
Chinese, and other (3%)
: Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, Ashaninka and other
: Roman Catholic (81.3%), Evangelical (12.5%), other (6.2%)
: Nuevo Sol (S/.)
: Constitutional Republic.
: President Ollanta Humala Tasso
: UN; Organisation of American States (OAS); Asia Pacific Economic
Community (APEC); Andean Community (CAN); Rio Group; Union of South
American Nations (UNASUR), Inter-American Developmental Bank (IADB).
Peru
Thailand
PERU: ECONOMIC SITUATION
 GDP: $153.549 billion
 GDP growth: 6.0%
 GDP per capita: $10,588
 GDP by sector: agriculture: 8%; industry: 25%; services: 56%, other: 11%
 Inflation: 2.08%
 Population below poverty line: ▼ 27.8%
 Gini coefficient: ▼ 47.9 (2008) 26th in the world
 Main industries: mining, construction, oil, natural gas, fish processing, textiles, sugar, tourism
 Ease of Doing Business Rank: 41st
 Exports: $45.5 billion (copper, gold, coffee, asparagus, paprika, textiles, fishmeal, fruits and vegetables)
 Main export partners: China 15%, Switzerland 13%, U.S. 13%, Canada 9%, Japan 4%, Germany 4%
 Imports: $33.5 billion (oil, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper)
 Main import partners: U.S. 20%, China 17%, Brazil 7%, Ecuador 5%, Argentina 5%
 Credit rating
•Standard & Poor's: BBB+ (Domestic), BBB (Foreign), A- (T&C Assessment), Outlook: Stable
•Moody's: Baa3, Outlook: Stable
•Fitch: BBB-Outlook: Positive
WATER RESOURCES
Natural
Region
Altitude
(masl)
Temperature
(ºC)
Rainfall
(mm)
Important facts
Coastal Area
0 - 500
16 – 25
0 - 30
-100% irrigated agriculture
-Plot size: 1-5 ha
-Rice, sugarcane, cotton,
maize, asparagus, paprika
Highlands
500 – 6780
0 - 20
300 - 500
-Mainly rainfed agriculture
-Plot size: <1 ha
-Potato, wheat, barley,
maize
Tropical
Forest
400 – 1000
22 - 30
800 - 2000
-95% rainfed agriculture
-Plot size: >5 ha
-Coffee, cocoa, fruit crops
WATER AVAILABILITY
Watershed
Surface
water
Subsurface
water
Total
(MMC)
(%)
(MMC)
(MMC)
(%)
35,632
2.0
2,849
38,481
2.2
Amazon
River
1’719,814
97.4
No data
1’719,814
97.3
Titicaca
Lake
9,877
0.6
No data
9,877
0.5
1’765,323
100.0
2,849
1’768,172
100.0
Pacific
Ocean
Total
IMPORTANT FACTS
 Coastal area: 2% of the total water but 66% of the population lives in
this area and is under water stress. The population in some areas in the
Andes mountains is also under water stress.
 In spite of this situation, water is not adequately managed: irrigation
efficiency is low (35%) and water fees do not cover real costs.
 Additionally, watersheds are subject to contamination processess:
mining, industrial and urban residual water.
 Climatic change may aggravate water scarcity.
WATER CONSUMPTION BY SECTORS
Watershed
Agriculture
(MCM)
Population
(MCM)
Mining
(MCM)
Industrial
(MCM)
Livestock
(MCM)
Total
(MCM)
Energy
(MCM)
Pacific
Ocean
14,200
1,018
152
1,103
28
16,501
4,245
Amazon
River
1,996
228
53
49
41
2,367
6,881
Titicaca
Lake
71
18
2
3
10
104
13
16,267
85.7%
1,264
6.7%
207
1.1%
1,155
6.1%
79
0.4%
18,972
100%
11,139
Total
IMPORTANT FACTS
 Agricultural sector: 86% of
total water.
 Population and industry
continue growing.
 There is an increasing
pressure
over
water,
especially
by
the
population, competing with
agriculture, industry and
especially mining.
 Many water conflicts are
appearing.
MAJOR LAND USE (ha)
Natural
Region
Costal Area
Highlands
Tropical
Forest
Total
Anual
crops
Permanent
crops
Pastures
Forestry
Protection
land
TOTAL
1,140,000
496,000 1,622,000
172,000 10,207,000
13,637,000 (10.6%)
1,341,000
20,000 10,576,000
2,092,000 25,169,000
39,198,000 (30.5%)
2,241,000
2,191,000 5,178,000
46,432,000 19,644,516
75,686,516 (58.9%)
4,722,000
3.7%
2,707,000 17,376,000
2.1%
13.5%
48,696,000 55,020,516 128,521,516
37.9%
42.8%
100.0%
ANNUAL AND PERMANENT CROPS (ha - 2,012)
Natural
Region
Costal Area
Highlands
Tropical
Forest
Total
Anual
crops
Permanent
crops
700,000*
400,000
1´300,000
400,000
300,000
1´500,000
2´200,000
2´400,000
*In addition, 300,000 ha were lost due
to drainage and salinity problems
IMPORTANCE OF IRRIGATION IN PERU
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Agriculture employs 30% of the population and represents over 10% of total exports.
Two thirds of agricultural GDP is produced in the Coastal Area, a region totally dependent on irrigation
because of very low precipitation.
In the Highlands, agricultural production is very irregular: it is mainly rainfed and subject to climatic
stresses.
Thus, irrigation plays a vital role in increasing agricultural production and diversification in the Coastal
Area and in the Highlands, to ensure adequate food supply.
IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT IRRIGATION IN PERU
Water resources are state owned.
The framework for water resources use is the Water Resources Law N° 29338-2,010 (assessment of water
and integrated management, priority access to water, legal security, respect for community water,
decentralization of public water management, efficiency in use and watershed management).
The Water User´s Associations (WUA) manage irrigation systems and collect water payments.
Most WUA are now financially and technically independent, due to intensive public and private programs.
Water fees are usually calculated per hectare instead of per volume.
Water fees oscillate between 20-30 US$/ha and collection rates vary from 60% to 70% in the Coastal Area.
Traditional irrigation (furrow and flood) is used in 90% of the land, while drip and sprinkler irrigation is
used in 10% of the land.
The overall traditional irrigation efficiency is around 35%.
Inefficient irrigation has generated salinization and drainage problems in 300,000 ha of the coastal valleys.
The 2003 Policies and Strategies seek to increase the profitability and competitiveness of irrigated
agriculture, improving water use efficiency.
THERE IS A NEED TO:
Improve water management and irrigation efficiency
Follow adequate irrigation policies
IRRIGATION POLICIES IN PERU*
1. GENERAL OBJECTIVE:
Contribute to improve profitability and competitiveness of irrigated agriculture, by intensive and
sustainable use of land and by increasing water use efficiency.
2. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
a) Give stability to the institutional framework of the private and public sectors, related to
water management.
b) Improve water management efficiency, consolidating infrastructure and promoting
adequate operation and maintenance.
c) Insure an equitative use of water, regulating water rights.
d) Order water supply and demand, in a watershed management oriented vision.
e) Promote technical and economical self-sufficient Water User’s Associations.
*Based on the document «National irrigation policies and strategies in Peru, a State Policy
proposal for the next 10 years»
*Multisectorial technical comision (2,003):
-Ministry of Agriculture
-Ministry of Housing and Construction
-Ministry of Economics and Finance
-National Water Users Association
IRRIGATION POLICIES IN PERU
GENERAL GUIDELINES
a) Promote sustainable technology to increase water and soil use efficiency
b) Promote institutional strengthening, technical and financial assistance projects and
programs, with Water Users Organizations and private investment, to achieve efficient
management of irrigation water
c) Ensure adequate economic, social and environmental viability of irrigation project
investments with public resources, according to the National System of Public Investment
and the guidelines of Agricultural Policies
SPECIFIC GUIDELINES
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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g)
h)
Irrigation institutionalism
Consolidation of the current major hydraulic infrastructure
Technical irrigation and drainage
Research and capacity building in irrigation
Water rights in collective blocks for irrigation
Irrigation in integrated water resources management
Environmental measures related to irrigation
Irrigation water management funding
THE IRRIGATION SUBSECTOR PROGRAM (www.psi.gob.pe)
The Program aims to increase the productivity of irrigated agriculture in the Coastal Area
and in the Highlands in order to improve the well being of farmers and contribute to poverty
alleviation. The Government focuses on increasing capacities of some water users’
organizations (WUO) and improving irrigation infrastructure and land titling and registration.
Major achievements in the Coastal Area Programs at a glance:
Two thirds out of the 64 WUO are technically and financially autonomous.
The project developed transparency in procedures and decisions in water distribution,
thus reducing conflicts among water users.
Average O&M cost recovery increased from 45% to 81%.
Approximately 10,000 ha were equipped with improved on-farm irrigation technologies
such as drip irrigation.
Farmers contributed with 30% of the investment costs and covered all the crop
production costs.
Yields per ha were raised by 20-30% in on-farm improvement areas.
Approximately 10,000 new jobs were created.
Water conveyance efficiency increased on average from 55% to 68% in improved irrigation
systems.
Nearly 190,000 new water rights were formalized.
Surveyed farmers increased their household incomes on average by 30% in on-farm
improvement areas
THANK YOU AND WELCOME
TO PERU!