Transcript Organic Chemistry PPT including assignments File

Christi Kitchens
Physical Science
E05 TSW 1-5
 Organic
compound – any compound
containing carbon (>90% of all compounds)
 4 valence electrons
 Can form up to 4 single bonds
 Will also form double and triple bonds
 Most carbon compounds contain hydrogen
 Allotropes
– forms of the same element that have
different physical properties
 Carbon



has several allotropes (we will discuss 3)
Diamond
Graphite
Fullerenes
goalfinder.com
 Hardest
substance
 Found in tools used to cut, grind, and drill
 Network solid = all of the atoms are linked by
covalent bonds
knifeworks.com
keirfinejewellery.com
dendritics.com
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•
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Soft and slippery
Each layer has strong
covalent bonds, but the
bonds between layers are
weak
Structure is layered, which
allows for pencil marks to be
made on paper and erased
easily
Uses: pencils, lubricant in
machines, electrodes (b/c it
is a good conductor), nuclear
reactors to absorb access
neutrons (to help control the
reaction)
blog.iqsdirectory.com
dendritics.com
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•
•
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Found in soot and meteorites
Large hollow sphere shaped cages
60 carbon atoms =
buckminsterfullerene
– Shapes alternate between hexagon
and pentagons
540 Carbons = Icosohedral Fullerene
The discovery of bucky balls has led to the
discovery of over 1000 new compounds
http://cnx.org/content/m14355/latest/
http://www.costaricapages.com/blog/technology/costa-rican-electricengineers-discovers-new-antibiotic/3807
 The
discovery of Nanotubes is the greatest
contribution from the bucky ball thus far
 Sheets of graphite rolled into single and
multi layered tubes
 High electrical and thermal conductivity
 High mechanical strength
 High surface area
http://cnx.org/content/m14355/latest/
http://www.costaricapages.com/blog/technology/costa-rican-electricengineers-discovers-new-antibiotic/3807
nanotech-now.com
Molecule
containing only hydrogen and
carbon
Saturated – all of the bonds in the molecule
are single bonds
Saturated hydrocarbons contain the
maximum number of hydrogens possible
Alkane – another name for a hydrocarbon
with all single bonds
sparknotes.com
 Unsaturated
hydrocarbons have at
least one double or
triple bond.
 Can also be a ring
structured hydrocarbon
 Double bonded
hydrocarbons are called
alkenes
 Triple bonded
hydrocarbons are called
alkynes
http://kelarutan.wordpress.com/2010/02/27/organic-chemistry-the-hydrocarbon/
 Hydrocarbons
that
contain one or more
double bonds
 Names end in –ene
 Plastics used in trash
bags and milk jugs are
made from polymers of
ethene
 Ethene is also the
substance that controls
the rate at which certain
fruits ripen

www.green-planet-solar-energy.com
 Most
reactive of
the hydrocarbons
 Name ends in –yne
 One or more triple
bonds
www.green-planet-solar-energy.com
 Unsaturated
hydrocarbon with a ring
structure
 Many have strong odors (aromas)
encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com
 Draw
the structural formula and name the 1st
6 alkanes
 Draw the structural formula and name the 1st
6 alkenes

Be sure to draw all possible structures
 Draw
the structural formula and name the 1st
6 alkynes

Be sure to draw all possible structures
Depends
on 2 factors:
 Number of carbons
 Arrangements of carbons
Arrangment can be:
 Straight chained
 Branched chains
 Ring structures
chemistrymysteries.blogspot.com
tutorvista.com
physicsarchives.com
Hydrocarbon
in which one or more
hydrogen atoms have been replaced
by an atom or group of atoms
Functional
Group: the substituted
atom or group of atoms
 Functional
group = hydroxyl group (-OH)
 Names of alcohols end in -ol
1. Find the longest carbon chain containing the –OH
group
2. Use the lowest possible number for the –OH group
3. State the number the –OH is located on
4. Then name the longest carbon chain as you would if
the –OH group were not present and change the
ending to -ol
Methanol
CH3OH
Ethanol
C2H5OH
http://legacy.chemgym.net/as_a2/topics/naming_and_classifying
_alcohols/quiz_2.html
 1.
2.
 3.
4.
 5.
http://www.docbrown.info/page06/DFalcether/DFalcetherQmc.htm
http://legacy.chemgym.net/as_a2/topics/naming_and_classifying_alco
hols/quiz_2.html
 ethanol
 2-butanol
 Propan-2-ol
 Pentan-3-ol
 1-hexanol

Halogenocarbon – a hydrocarbon that has one of the
4 halogens as a functional group
 Flourine: flouro Chlorine: chloro Bromine : bromo Iodine : iodo-
 CH3CH(Cl)CH2CH3
 CH3CH2Br
2-chlorobutane
bromoethane

CH3F
 CH3CH2CH(I)CH2CH3
 ClCH2CH2CH3

H
www.chemhume.co.uk
 3-iodopentane
 2-chloropropane
 Flouromethane
 3-bromohexane
 1.
When a halogenocarbon reacts with a
base the resulting reactants are an
alcohol and a salt
 CH3-Cl + NaOH  CH3-OH + NaCl
 Or
 2. Adding an alkene (dbl bond) with water
 CH2=CH2 + H2O –H+-> CH3CH2-OH
Functional
group = carboxyl group (-COOH)
Names of organic acids end in - oic
Methanoic
Ethanoic
Acid - CHOOH
Acid – CH3COOH
ck12.org
1. Find the longest carbon chain that contains the -COOH
group.
2. Drop the -e from the end of the hydrocarbon name and
substitute -oic acid.
3. Number and name any branches or other substituents.
4. Number 1 carbon is acid carbon.
Longest chain containing carbonyl is 3.
propane
2. The -e ending is replaced with -oic acid.
propanoic acid
 1.
H
 2.
 3.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Butyric_acid_flat_structure.png
 Propanoic
 Ethanoic
acid
acid
 Pentanoic
acid
Functional
group – amine group (-NH2)
Organic bases involved in forming of
organic compounds that are essential
for life
1.
2.
3.
4.
Find the longest carbon chain containing the
–NH2 group
Use the lowest possible number for the –NH2
group
State the number the –NH2 is located on
Then name the longest carbon chain as you
would if the –NH2 group were not present
and change the ending to -amine
www.hcc.mnscu.edu
 1.
 2.
 3.
www.ivy-rose.co.uk
 1.
1-propanamine
 2.
3-pentanamine
 3.
2-hexanamine
 Combining
of organic acid with an alcohol
 Provide flavors for some foods and smell sweet

Ethanoic Acid + Ethanol  Ethyl Ethanoate + H2O
www.projectshum.org
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/alcohols/esterification.
html
 Name
R group (attached to only the single
bonded O) like a side chain (with a space).
 • Then name acid portion with -oate ending
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/esters/background.html
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/esters/background.html
 1.
methyl propanoate
 2.
pentyl ethanoate
 3.
butyl ethanoate
 Create
a chart to include each type of
hydrocarbon that we have talked about:
alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic
acids, amines, esters
 In the chart, include



the functional group that makes it a part of each
group,
state whether or not each is either saturated,
unsaturated, or a substituted hydrocarbon,
give an example of each to include name and
structural formula
 1.
2.
 3.
4.
 5.
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2
 6.
7.
www.gcsescience.com
www.ivy-rose.co.uk
http://www.gcsescience.com/o39.htm
 1.
2.
 3.
 4.
commons.wikimedia.org
 Methane
 pentane
 1-butanol
 3-hexanol
 1-propanamine
 2-butanamine
 Propanoic
acid
 Ethanoic acid
 Hexyl ethanoate
 Propyl butanoate
Large
molecule that forms when many
smaller molecules are linked together by
covalent bonds
Monomers
– smaller molecules that bond
together to form polymers
Some contain one type of monomer and
some contain more than one monomer
Developed
factories
Rubber
by chemist in labs and
– elastic (stretchable), high resilence,
waterproof
made
from hydrocarbons from petroleum
 Used to make tires and as an adhesive
Nylon
 Used
– very strong, durable, and shiny
to make parachutes, windbreakers,
fishing line, carpets, and ropes
 Polyethylene
– made from a chain of
ethene monomers
 Used
in milk bottles, plastic wrap, hard
plastic shaped items
 Low
Density Polyethylene (LDPE) –
branched chains – softer plastics
 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) –
straight chains – harder plastics
 The number of Carbons determines the
properties of the polymer
Large
molecules produced by organisms
Starches
 Contains
– stored in plants
hundreds of glucose monomers
 More complex sugars are classified as
carbohydrates
chemistryland.com
Cellulose
– contains 3000+ glucose
monomers
 Most
chriskresser.com
abundant organic compound found in
nature
 Gives strength to plant stems and tree trunks
 Not digestible by animals
pmr-science.wikispaces.com
Large
nitrogen filled polymers found
mainly in the nuclei of cells
2 types
 Deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)
 Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
chem4kids.com
 Polymer
in which at least 100 amino acid
monomers are linked through bonds between
an amino group and a carboxylic acid
 Instructions for proteins are stored in DNA
 Body contains as many as 300,000 proteins
 Hemoglobin, muscle fibers, fingernails, ect.
 Enzymes – protein that acts as catalysts in the
body
 Create
a foldable showing the natural and
synthetic polymers
 Include what they are and how they are used