Transcript Biomass as renewable feedstock for biorefinery

In the name of God
Master of science seminar
Biorefinery
Supervisor : Prof . H . S . Ghaziaskar
By : Somayeh Azizi
Contents
Biorefinery
Green chemistry
Categories of biomass
Biomass conversion
•
•
•
•
Thermo chemical
Biochemical
Mechanical
Chemical
Fischer Tropsch process
Applications
Conclusion
References
1
What is the biorefinery?
The processes of biomass into a spectrum of chemical products, fuels,
and energy.
 Reduction of fossil CO2 emissions
 Secure and revitalization energy supply (Green process)
 Producing wide ranges of bioproducts
NREL = National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.A.-1990)
Green chemistry
(Supercritical carbon dioxide, Microwaves and
ultrasounds, Modification of natural polymers)
2
Biochemical plat form
1.Pretreatment , Hydrolysis
& Fermentation
2.Lignin products
Sugar & lignin
Intermediates
Biomass
1.Agricultural
residues
2.Energy crops
Biorefinery
Thermo chemical platform
1.Gasification
2.Pyrolysis
Products
Ethanol
Methanol
Middle distillates
Biopolymer
Chemicals
Heat & power
Gas & liquid intermediates
3
4
Biomass : Synthesized via photosynthetic process by plants
 Solid biomass : Wood, Waste of plants, municipal waste, and charcoal
 Liquid biomass : Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biooil
 Gas biomass : Land fill gas, Biogas, Gas of sewage sludge
LFG (CO2 , CH4 , N2, O2 ,Organic materials)
Depolymerization and Deoxidation
Renewable carbon-based raw materials :




Agricultural
Forestry
Industries and households
Aquaculture
5
Biomass as renewable feedstock for biorefinery
6
9
7
Difference in composition of some lignocellulosic feedstocks
8
Types of biorefinery




Green biorefinery
Forest and Lignocellulosic based biorefinery
Aquatic algae-based biorefinery
Integrated biorefinery
9
Categories of biomass :
Carbohydrates
and
Lignin

Carbohydrates
and
Lignin
Triglycerides
Starch : (C6H10O5)n
Mixed
organic by
residues
Be hydrolyzed
enzymes or acid attack to the single sugar
monomers
Cellulose : (C6H10O6)n - Crystalline polymer of Glucose
more easy to hydrolyze than starch and convert to glucose
monomers -(30-50%) of dry biomass
Hemicellulose : (C5H8O5)n - Amorphous polymer of Xylose
and Arabinose
That is easier to break down with chemicals or heat than cellulose
-(20-40% )of dry biomass
Lignin : (C9H10O2(OCH3)n) - poly aromatic polymer
The largest noncarbohydrate fraction of lignocelluloses
-(15-25%) of dry biomass
10
Triglycerides
Oils and fats (C8-C20)
Glycerin , Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Vegetable and animal raw materials (Soy bean , Palm and sunflower oil)
Mixed organic residues
Manure , municipal solid waste , proteins and residues from fresh fruit ,
Sewage sludge and vegetable industries
Moisture contents of it , is over 70% (anaerobic digestion process to
generate biogas)
High potential for energy recovery
11
Technological processes in biorefinery
 Thermo chemical processes
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Direct combustion
 Biochemical processes
Fermentation
Anaerobic digestion
 Mechanical processes
 Chemical processes
Hydrolysis
Transesterification
Supercritical water conversion
12
Thermo chemical processes
Gasification
At high temperature ( >700 ˚C ) whit low oxygen levels to produce
syngas
Syngas can produce fuels ( Dimethyl ether , ethanol , Isobutene ,…) or
chemicals ( Alcohols , organic acids , ammonia , methanol and so on )
Pyrolysis
At intermediate temperatures ( 300-600 ˚C ) in the absence of oxygen
to convert the feedstock in to liquid pyrolytic oil (or bio-oil ) , solid
charcoal and syngas
Direct combustion
13
Biochemical processes
Microbial and enzymatic process
At lower temperature and reaction rate than Thermo. Process
Fermentation
To convert a fermentable substrate into recoverable products ( Alcohols
or organic acids) whit microorganisms or enzymes
(Ethanol , hydrogen , methanol , succinic acid , …)
14
Anaerobic digestion
Bacterial breakdown of biodegradable organic material in the absence of
oxygen ( 30-65 ˚C )
Bio gas is the main product (A gas mixture made of methane , CO2 and
other impurities )
15
Mechanical processes
changing the particle size , shape and bulk density of biomass
(feedstock , handling and further conversion processes )
Split of lignocellulosic biomass
methods for pretreatment
Hot water
Diluted acid
Ammonia explosion
Steam/Peroxide explosion
Sulfur dioxide
Organic solvent
Alkaline pretreatment
Dilute acid & elevated temperature
16
Chemical processes
Hydrolysis
To depolymerise polysaccharides and proteins in to sugars(e.g. glucose
from cellulose) or chemicals(e.g. levulinic acid from glucose)
Acid hydrolysis
Hydrothermal (by use of hot water or supercritical methods)
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Attack to chains more efficiently
High yields of fermentable sugars
Operation under mild pH & temperature conditions
Do not create the harsh environment
17
Transesterification
conversion of vegetable oils to methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids
( Biodiesel )
Solid acid catalyzed simultaneous esterification and Transesterification
18
Supercritical water conversion
Conversion of cellulose to sugars or biomass to mixed of oils , organic
acids , alcohols and methane. (Without catalyzer)
2 C6H12O6 + 7 H2O
CO2 + 2 CH4 +CO + 15 H2
19
Researchers use this continues Ion exchange /
chro.g.system for product recovery & purification
This evaporation system concentrate sugar-rich steams
or removes volatile compounds
20
Automated basket centrifuge & pump separate sugar
rich liquors from pretreated Biomass slurries
Whit this pressurized filter press system researchers can
separate liquid hydrolyzed from the remaining solids at the
high temperature using NREL,s patented hot wash process.
21
22
Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
(By Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch)
Gas to liquid technology
150-300 ˚C
(2n+1) H2 + n CO
CnH(2n+2) + n H2O
( n>1 )
By product : Alkenes , Alcohols , other oxygenated
Hydrocarbons
catalysts : Co, Fe, Ru and Ni
LTFT
Co-based catalysts (vehicle grade diesel)
On low grade coal (In South Africa)
HTFT
Fe-based catalyst (Building block for high value chemicals)(In Malaysia)
Bio fuels : Combination of biomass gasification(BG) and FischerTropsch(FT) synthesis
23
Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol
24
Fermentation & Recovery
Biomass
chips/plant fiber
Biomass
pre-treatment
Enzyme production
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Ethanol
fermentation
Power
generation
Ethanol
purification
Electricity
25
Biorefinery crops
26
27
28
Conclusion
 conversion of Biomass to solid , liquid , and gaseous fuels.
 The advantages of Biorefinery




Reduction of CO2 emission
Reduction fossil fuel use
Improve energy security
Displacement of bioproducts whit fossil fuel
29
References
[1] EC. Towards a European knowledge-based bioeconomy – workshop conclusions
on the use of plant biotechnology for the production of industrial biobased products.
EUR 21459. European Commission, Directorate-General for Research. Brussels,
Belgium. <http://ec.europa.eu/ research/agriculture/library_en.htm>; 2004.
[2] Kamm B, Kamm M, Gruber PR, Kromus S. Biorefinery systems – an overview. In:
Kamm B, Gruber PR, Kamm M, editors. Biorefineries – industrial processes and
products (status quo and future directions), vol. 1. Wiley-VCH; 2006.
[3] IEA. IEA bioenergy Task 42 on biorefineries: co-production of fuels, chemicals,
power and materials from biomass. In: Minutes of the third Task meeting,
Copenhagen, Denmark, 25–26 March 2007 <http://www.biorefinery.nl/
ieabioenergy-task42/>; 2008.
[4] Rajagopal D, Zilberman D. Review of environmental, economic and policy aspects
of biofuels. In: Policy research working paper of the World Bank development
research group; September 2007.
[5] Hoogwijk M, Faaij A, van den Broek R, Berndes G, Gielen D, Turkenburg W.
Exploration of the ranges of the global potential of biomass for energy. Biomass
Bioenergy 2003;25(2):119–33.
[6] Demirabas A. Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic
supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey. Energy
Convers Manage 2003;44(13):2093–109
[7] Achten WMJ, Mathijs E, Verchot L, Singh VP, Aerts R, Muys B. Jatropha biodiesel
fueling sustainability? Biofuels Bioprod Bioref 2007;1:283–91.
[8] Tsai WT, Lin CC, Yeh CW. An analysis of biodiesel fuel from waste edible oil in
Taiwan. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2007;11:838–57.
[9] Cherubini F, Bargigli S, Ulgiati S. Life Cycle Assessment of urban waste
management: energy performances and environmental impacts. The Case of Rome,
Italy. J Waste Manage 2008;28:2552–64.
[10] Demirbas T. Overview of bioethanol from biorenewable feedstocks: technology,
economics, policy and impacts. Energy Edu Sc’ Technol Part A 2009;22:163–77.
[11] Balat M. New biofuel production technologies. Energy Edu Sc’ Technol Part A
2009;22:147–61.
[12] Deshmukh MK, Deshmukh SS. System sizing for implementation of sustainable
energy plan. Energy Edu Sci Technol 2007;18:1–15.
[13] Gujrathi AM, Babu BV. Environment friendly products from black wattle. Energy
Edu Sci Technol 2007;19:37–44.
[14] Hashem A, Akasha A, Ghith A, Hussein DA. Adsorbent based on agricultural
wastes for heavy metal and dye removal: a review. Energy Edu Sci Technol
2007;19:69–88
[15] Demirbas A. New liquid biofuels from vegetable oils via catalytic pyrolysis.
Energy Edu Sci Technol 2008;21:1–59.
[16] Demirbas A. Bio-fuels from agricultural residues. Energy Sources Part A
[17] Balat M. An overview of biofuels and policies in the European Union. Energy
Sources Part B 2007;2:167–81.
[18] Bridgwater AV, Peacocke GVC. Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass. Sustain
Renew Energy Rev 2000;4:1–73.
[19] Guo Y, Wang Y, Wei F, et al. Research progress in biomass flash pyrolysis
technology for liquids production. Chem Ind Eng Progr 2001;8:13–7
[20] Zhuang XL, Zhang HX, Thang JJ. Levoglucosan kinase involved in citric acid
fermentation by Aspergillus niger CBX-209 using levoglucosan as sole carbon and
energy source. Biomass Bioenergy 2001;21:53–60.
[21] Helle S, Bennett NM, Lau K, Matsui JH, Duff SJB. A kinetic model for
production of glucose by hydrolysis of levoglucosan and cellobiosan from pyrolysis
oil Carbohyd Res 2007;342(16):2365–70.
[22] Senneca O. Kinetics of pyrolysis, combustion and gasification of three biomass
fuels. Fuel Process Technol 2007;88(1):87–97.