Transcript review of tests

ISOBUTANOL
Isobutanol Testing Update
International Boat Builders Exhibition
IBEX 2014 Tampa
10/01/2014
J.Wasil
BACKGROUND
– History of issues in marine products with ethanol
– Congressionally mandated Renewable Fuel
Standard (RFS) and the push to E15+
– Proactive leadership in demonstrating a possible
replacement for ethanol that may be more
compatible with marine products
– Opportunity to influence public policy
KEY MEMBERS
Industry-wide participation and
collaboration
Properties of Butanol - Overview
PROPERTIES
Gasoli
ne
(EEE)
Composition
(C,H,O) (%
mass)
(R+M)/2
86, 14,
0
= 97.8
Ethanol
1butanol
52, 13,
35
65,
13.5,
21.5
2butanol
3butanol
65,
65,
13.5,
(R+M)/2
=13.5,
97.2
21.5
21.5
Isobutanol
65,
13.5,
21.5
RON
97
107.4
98.3
106
105
105.1
MON
88.3
88.2
84.4
92
89
89.3
-
-112
-79.9
-114.7
25.5
-108
Energy content
(MJ/kg)
42.9
25.6
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.8
Density (kg/L)
0.742
0.789
0.81
0.81
0.79
0.81
Energy content
relative to gasoline
(%)
-
64
84
84
82
83
Solubility in water
<0.1
Fully
miscible
7.7
Melting point (ºC)
7.6
PROPERTIES
• Properties of butanol
– Less susceptible to phase separation means butanol
could be successfully delivered in existing pipelines
– Eliminates need for splash-blending
– Least corrosive of alcohols
– Higher energy content
Adding water to ethanol and
butanol
5
PROPERTIES
• Can be produced from multiple feed stocks
• Fermentation process similar to ethanol
6
REVIEW OF TESTS
Review of Tests Completed on
Isobutanol
REVIEW OF TESTS
• 2011/2012:
-
18’ Mako boat with 175 HP
Evinrude GDI Outboard
24’ SeaDoo Challenger boat
with 215 HP Rotax engine
Volvo-Penta 5.7 Closed-loop
catalyst – Almar Boat
1999 OMC Johnson
Conventional Carbureted 2stroke Intruder Boat
Indmar 6.0L Closed-loop
catalyst – Malibu Ski Boat
150 HP Yamaha on Century Boat
Power
Performance
Field In-Use Emissions
Testing
iB16 – 16% Isobutanol
REVIEW OF TESTS
REVIEW OF TESTS
High level results of field testing iB16:
– E10 and iB16 result in similar emissions (No
emission related failures)
– No reported engine runability or fuel system issues
during summer test program
– Similar performance and running characteristics
Portable Emissions Sampling
Equipment in Boat
REVIEW OF TESTS
• 2012/2013 – Engine Durability Testing 16%
isobutanol
-
Emissions Testing
Full Useful Life Engine Durability
Engine Efficiency
Performance
350hrs
350hrs
350hrs
E10
Baseline
Baseline
iB16
350hrs
E10
Baseline
iB16
Baseline
350hrs
E10
Baseline
350hrs
Baseline
REVIEW OF TESTS
• Durability Results:
iB16
• 2013/2014
REVIEW OF TESTS
– Tri-Fuel
• 5% Ethanol
• 8% Isobutanol
• 87% Gasoline
– The addition of isobutanol helps to lower the RVP
of the fuel, keeping the finished fuel at 9 RVP –
No waiver required
REVIEW OF TESTS
Tri-fuel end of season testing completed
– Engines accumulated over 100 hours of field
operation last summer
– No engine runability issues reported
– All engines passed end of season emissions
testing
– Additional 100 hrs this year
• 2013/2014
REVIEW OF TESTS
– Particulate Matter Testing
90mm Sample Filters Modes 1-5
PM Scale
Soxhlet extraction
– E10 and iB16
– Tests conducted at 80ºF (Baseline) & 35ºF
– Engines instrumented and time to start recorded
90HP Mercury EFI Four-Stroke Start Time [Seconds]
14
12
E10
10
Start
to Start
Seconds
Seconds to
REVIEW OF TESTS
Engine Cold-Start:
8
6
4
2
0
35 Degrees
80 Degrees
Temperature [F]
iB16
REVIEW OF TESTS
Scuffing Load:
– block-on-ring contact configuration
– 1,000 RPM with initial contact load of 50 N,
followed by 25 N increase every minute
REVIEW OF TESTS
Recap:
– 2,800+ hrs testing completed operating on
isobutanol
– No major issues encountered during testing
– All engines passed emissions evaluations
throughout the program
– Reduced PM operating on alcohols with similar
results between E10 and iB16
– Engine cold starting looks favorable on iB16
– Oil dilution testing looks comparable between E10
and iB16
Next Steps:
REVIEW OF TESTS
– Completion of tri-fuel testing (200 hours)
• Yamaha 90 and Evinrude 135 (Target additional 100
hours of operation)
– Laboratory testing on 5% O2 and beyond to
understand critical blend level
• Fuels E10, iB16, E15, iB24, E20 and iB32 (3.5, 5 and 7%
O2)
• (2) 10HP Yamaha, (2) 30HP Evinrude, and (2) 150HP
Mercury
– Summer 2015 engine durability / field test
program operating on higher quantities of
isobutanol (outboards and SD/I engines)
Published reports:
– SAE Small Engine Technology Conference:
• In-Use Performance Testing of Butanol-Extended Fuel in
Recreational Marine Engines and Vessels
• Alternative Fuel Butanol: Preliminary Investigation on
Performance and Emissions of a Marine Two-Stroke
Direct Fuel Injection Engine
– DOE Annual Report 2013/2014:
• Emissions and operability of Gasoline, Ethanol, and
Butanol Fuel Blends in recreational Marine Applications
– SAE World Congress 2014:
• Impact of Blending Gasoline with Iso-Butanol Compared
To Ethanol on Efficiency, Performance and Emissions of
a Recreational Marine 4-Stroke Engine
Wallner, T., Ickes, A., Wasil, J., Sevik, J. et al., "Impact of Blending Gasoline with Isobutanol Compared to Ethanol on Efficiency, Performance
and Emissions of a Recreational Marine 4-Stroke Engine," SAE Technical Paper 2014-01-1230, 2014, doi:10.4271/2014-01-1230.
Wasil, J., McKnight, J., Kolb, R., Munz, D. et al., "In-Use Performance Testing of Butanol-Extended Fuel in Recreational Marine Engines and
Vessels," SAE Technical Paper 2012-32-0011, 2012, doi:10.4271/2012-32-0011.
Wasil, J., Johnson, J., and Singh, R., "Alternative Fuel Butanol: Preliminary Investigation on Performance and Emissions of a Marine Two-Stroke
Direct Fuel Injection Engine," SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr. 3(2):1071-1080, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-32-0054.