Transcript SCUBA Separations

Alternative Liquid Fuels
Brian G. Lefebvre
November 27, 2006
Outline

U.S. Total Energy Usage
– how much, what for, from what?

Petroleum Demand
– how much liquid fuel is used in the U.S.?
– why so much?

Petroleum Supply
– where does the U.S. get their liquid fuel?

Alternatives
– current usage
– future prospects
U.S. Total Energy Usage

Total US consumption1
– world = 380 quads in 19982
1 = http://wilcoxen.cp.maxwell.syr.edu/pages/804.html
2 = http://energy.cr.usgs.gov/energy/stats_ctry/Stat1.html
U.S. Total Energy Usage by Sector

Total US consumption by sector1
1 = http://wilcoxen.cp.maxwell.syr.edu/pages/804.html
U.S. Total Energy Usage by Source

Data from 19981
Energy Source
Percentage of total
Petroleum
38.8%
Natural Gas
23.2%
Coal
22.9%
Nuclear
7.6%
Hydro power
3.8%
Other
3.6%
(biomass,geotherm,solar,wind)
Petroleum Demand

2005 – U.S. demand 20.8 million barrels/day3,4
–
–
–
–
1 barrel = 42 gallons
1 barrel → 19.5 gallons of gasoline
67% of US oil consumption is for transportation
71% of transportation fuel is passenger-related
– cars, motorcycles, light-duty trucks
– ~ 140 billion gallons per year!
– Nov 2005: $24 billion in oil imports (33% of trade deficit)

2005 – world demand 83.8 million barrels/day4
3 = http://www.gravmag.com/oil.html
4 = http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/quickfacts/quickoil.html
America is Addicted to Oil

Bush State of the Union address – Jan 2006
Keeping America competitive requires affordable energy. And here we have a serious problem:
America is addicted to oil, which is often imported from unstable parts of the world.
The best way to break this addiction is through technology. Since 2001, we have spent
nearly $10 billion to develop cleaner, cheaper, and more reliable alternative energy sources
-- and we are on the threshold of incredible advances.
So tonight, I announce the Advanced Energy Initiative -- a 22-percent increase in clean-energy
research -- at the Department of Energy, to push for breakthroughs in two vital areas. To
change how we power our homes and offices, we will invest more in zero-emission coalfired plants, revolutionary solar and wind technologies, and clean, safe nuclear
energy. (Applause.)
We must also change how we power our automobiles. We will increase our research in
better batteries for hybrid and electric cars, and in pollution-free cars that run on
hydrogen. We'll also fund additional research in cutting-edge methods of producing
ethanol, not just from corn, but from wood chips and stalks, or switch grass. Our goal
is to make this new kind of ethanol practical and competitive within six years.
(Applause.)
Breakthroughs on this and other new technologies will help us reach another great goal:
to replace more than 75 percent of our oil imports from the Middle East by 2025.
(Applause.) By applying the talent and technology of America, this country can dramatically
improve our environment, move beyond a petroleum-based economy, and make our
dependence on Middle Eastern oil a thing of the past. (Applause.)
Vehicle MPG
Fuel Economy Leaders: 2007 Model Year5
Rank
1
Manufacturer/Model
MPG
city/hwy
Toyota Prius (hybrid-electric)
60/51
1991 Honda Civic CRX HF (manual)
49/52
2
Honda Civic Hybrid
49/51
3
Toyota Camry Hybrid
40/38
4
Ford Escape Hybrid FWD
36/31
5
Toyota Yaris (manual)
34/40
6
Toyota Yaris (automatic)
34/39
7
Honda Fit (manual)
33/38
8
Toyota Corolla (manual)
32/41
9
Hyundai Accent (manual)
Kia Rio (manual)
32/35
32/35
10
Ford Escape Hybrid 4WD
Mercury Mariner Hybrid 4WD
32/29
32/29
***
5 = http://www.epa.gov/fueleconomy/overall-high.htm
Petroleum Supply

Crude oil supply5
– from U.S.: 5.18 million barrels / day
– Texas: 1.06 million barrels / day
– foreign sources: 10.13 million barrels / day
– OPEC: 5.59 million barrels / day
– OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
– Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Nigeria, Iraq, Algeria, Kuwait, Libya,
Indonesia, United Arab Emirates (Iran, Qatar)
5 = http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_move_impcus_a2_nus_epc0_im0_mbblpd_a.htm
History of U.S. Crude Oil Supply
Oil Imports (Thousand Barrels per Day)
12000
10000
Total Imports
Non-OPEC
OPEC
Persian Gulf
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1905
1919
1932
1946
1960
Year
1973
1987
2001
Top 5 U.S. Crude Oil Suppliers

Brainstorm
– list of possible countries

Survey Says?
– vote from list of possible countries
Top 5 U.S. Crude Oil Suppliers
Oil Imports (Thousand Barrels per Day)
2000
1800
1600
Canada
Mexico
Saudi Arabia
Venezuela
Nigeria
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1971
1976
1982
1987
Year
1993
1998
2004
Alternatives to Traditional
Internal Combustion Engines

Other fuels
–
–
–
–

ethanol (current, flex-fuel, or dedicated vehicles)6
mixed alcohols
biodiesel (in standard diesel engine)7
compressed natural gas8
Gasoline-battery hybrids9
– plug-in hybrids (aftermarket now, production later?)10

Electric-only vehicles
– cars11
– scooters
– bicycles12
6 = http://www.e85fuel.com/index.php
7 = http://www.biodiesel.org/
8 = http://automobiles.honda.com/models/civic_gx_phill.asp?ModelName=Civic+GX
9 = http://autos.msn.com/advice/article.aspx?contentid=4022560
10 = http://www.calcars.org/vehicles.html
11 = http://www.evworld.com/
12 = http://www.ebikes.ca/hubmotors.shtml
Alternatives to Traditional
Internal Combustion Engines

Nov 2006 PRISM

Can engineers serve up
enough cellulosic
ethanol to quench our
thirst for foreign oil?
Alternative Liquid Fuels Facts #1

Gasoline additives to boost octane rating
– MTBE
– good: octane, volatility, pipeline shipping, energy
– bad: groundwater damage
– ethanol
– good: octane, groundwater damage
– bad: volatility, pipeline shipping
– mixed alcohols
– good: everything

Biodiesel
– good: reduced emissions (except NOx)
– bad: cold-temperature gelling, vehicle fuel pumping
Alternative Liquid Fuels Facts #2

U.S. gasoline consumption: 140 billion gallons / yr
– ethanol: 4.2 billion gallons in 2005
– produced from corn
– now at 5.1 billion gallons of capacity
– 3.8 billion gallons of capacity in construction13
– biodiesel: 25 million gallons14

Net energy debate
– 1 unit of fossil fuel produces:
– 3.2 units of biodiesel
– 1.3 units of bioethanol
– 0.81 units of gasoline
13 = http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/locations/
14 = http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/
U.S. Ethanol Production Facilities
Expanding Production of
Alternative Liquid Fuels

Can we make more using CURRENT methods?
– ethanol 2005: 14% of corn crop to ethanol15
– 1.575 billion bushels (out of 11 billion bushels)
– biodiesel: 5 billion gallons of vegetable oil TOTAL16
– 300 million gallons as waste cooking oil
– soybean, rapeseed, mustard

Can we make more with NEW methods?
– ethanol: obtain sugars from “waste biomass”
– Corn stover, wheat straw, wood chips, paper
– Energy crops (switchgrass, energy cane)
– biodiesel: algaculture
– 250x the amount of oil per acre, compared to soybeans
15 = http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=1804
16 = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiesel
Current Ethanol Production Methods

Dry mill process is most popular in the U.S.17
– similar to beer production
– Freshman Clinic 2 with Farrell or Lefebvre
17 = http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/made/
Future Fuel Production Methods

Mixed Alcohol (MixAlco) method
– presentation at:
http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/holtzapple_v3.html
– slides at:
http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
– make fuel from anything!
– biomass, sewage sludge, garbage
– pretreat with lim
– ferment with “natural” organisms to acids
– collect acid salts (e.g calcium acetate)
– thermally convert to ketone
– hydrogenate to alcohol (e.g. Raney nickel catalyst)
Future Ethanol Production Methods

Ethanol from lignocellulose17
– similar to current method
– additional pretreatment to liberate sugars from complex
polymers of 5- and 6- carbon sugars
17 = http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/made/
Ethanol from Lignocellulose

Renewable fuels standard
– 250 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol by 2012
– cheaper feedstock
– renewable supply of 1.3 billion tons / yr18
– Ccorn stover: 250 million tons, 50-66% usable19
– 68 gallons of ethanol / ton of corn stover, 3 tons / acre
– move to higher yield biomass could boost supply
– More expensive processing
– chemical pretreatment
– enzymatic pretreatment
– fermentation of 5- and 6-carbon sugars in the presence of
inhibitors formed during pretreatments
18 = Perlack, R.B., Wright, L.L., Turhollow, A., Graham, R.L., Stokes, B., and Erbach, D.C., “Biomass as a feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry:
the technical feasibility of a billion-ton annual supply,” U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Agriculture (2005). Available at
http://feedstockreview.ornl.gov/pdf/billion_ton_vision.pdf
19 = Morris, D. (2001). Biomass: which road to take. Institute for Local Self-Reliance. Available at: http://www.newrules.org/de/biomassstrategy.pdf
20 = Glassner, D.A., Hettenhaus, J.R., and Schechinger, T.M. (1998). Corn stover collection project. BioEnergy98: expanding bioenergy partnerships. Available
at: http://www.ctic.purdue.edu/Core4/bio98paper.pdf
Sources of Lignocellulose

Switchgrass21
– 3.4 tons / (acre * yr)
– 1150 gallons ethanol / acre
21 = http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/papers/misc/switgrs.html
Sources of Lignocellulose

Energy Cane22
– 30 dry tons / (acre*yr)
22 = http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
Sources of Lignocellulose

Energy Cane22
– 30 dry tons / (acre*yr)
22 = http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
Sources of Lignocellulose

Water hyacinth22
– 70 dry tons / (acre*yr)
22 = http://engineering.tamu.edu/research/lectures/docs/holtzappleppt/lecture.htm
In Practice

Iogen Corp. in Ottowa, Canada23
– 40 tons / day wheat straw to ethanol plant

Abengoa Bioenergy add-on to Spain plant
– wheat straw

DuPont and Broin24
– partnership to build plant in Iowa?
– Zymomonas mobilis as fermenting organism
– high ethanol tolerance (250 g/L sugar→120 g/L ethanol)
– “low” tolerance to common inhibitors

MixAlco pilot plant in Texas
23 = http://www.iogen.ca
24 = http://www.agriculture.com/ag/story.jhtml?storyid=/templatedata/ag/story/data/1160057829655.xml&catref=ag1001
Conclusions

Engineers create and distribute life-enhancing
technolgies

21st century challenge is to continue this work in
growing “global” market

Energy independence is an important aspect
– conservation
– renewable production methods

Engineers are making progress on renewable energy
independence